MICROBIAL DISEASES

Tuberculosis
• TB is an airborne disease caused by the
bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(M. tuberculosis)

• Over 9 million new cases and 2 million

deaths per year worldwide

• 1/3rd of the world’s population is

infected with M. tuberculosis
 Transmission of TB
• TB is spread from person to person through the air. The dots in
the air represent droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli.
 Causes
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
– Highly aerobic
– Infects lungs
– Divides every 15-20 hours
– Unable to be digested by microphages
– Very resistant to many disinfectants, acid, alkali, drying, etc.
• Contagious, spread through air by inhalation of airborne
bacteria from infected
• Easier to contract with weak immune system
 Symptom
•
s
Cough (with bloody sputum), loss of appetite, fever,
loss of energy/weight, night sweats,
• Could spread to other parts of the body
causing other symptoms
 Diagnosed
• Skin test
• Chest X-rays
• Analysis of sputum
 Treatment/Prevention
• Positive Skin Test, Negative X-Ray:
– Antibiotic:
• Isoniazid
• Positive
Skin Test,
Positive X-
Ray:
– Antibiotic
s
• Isoniazid
,
Before and After
Prevention
• Tuberculosis prevention and control
efforts primarily rely on the vaccination of
infants and the detection and
appropriate treatment of active cases.
• The World Health Organization has
achieved some success with improved
treatment regimens, and a small decrease
in case numbers
Vaccine
• The only available vaccine as of 2015 is
s Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).
• In children it decreases the risk of getting the
infection by 20% and the risk of infection
turning into disease by nearly 60%.

• It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide,

with more than 90% of all children being
vaccinated The immunity it induces decreases
after about ten
 Epidemiology
• Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from
infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS)

• The total number of tuberculosis cases has been

decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased
since 2002.
• China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with
about an
80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and
2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between
2004–2014.
• Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about
80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test
 1. What is HIV?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

an RNA based virus that causes

AIDS

1. Attacks the Immune System

2. Destroys the body’s defenses against diseases

3. Body becomes vulnerable to infections &

cancers that don’t normally develop in healthy
 What does HIV look like?

HIV Capsule HIV

 Structural Biology of HIV
• Diameter of 100-120 nm
with a spherical
morphology
• Cone-shaped core
surrounded by lipid matrix
containing key surface
antigens and glycoproteins
• Viral core contains 2 copies
of genomic RNA, reverse
transcriptase, integrase and
protease
 2. Two Key Parts of the Immune System
1. T4 or CD4 Cell 2. Antibodies

HIV
 Healthy T Cell & Infected T Cell
HIV
Particle
s
(yellow)

T4 cell are particularly important in the adaptive immune system.

These cells help suppress or regulate immune responses
 HIV Transmission

Requires:

1. Infected body fluid

AND

2. Entry into body

 3. Infected body fluids
Four Fluids, if infected, can transmit HIV

a. Blood

b. Semen

c. Vaginal Secretions

d. Breast Milk

If these enter the body

 4. Which Fluids are safe?
Four Fluids that can’t transmit HIV

a. Spit/saliva

b. Pee/Urine

c. Sweat

d. Tears
 5. HIV Transmission
Three Most frequent ways to get infected

1. Unprotected sexual intercourse

2. Injected Drug Use

3. From an infected mother to her infant.

Other, much more rare, ways to get infected

a. Blood Transfusions / Organ Transplant (1:600,000)

b. Health Care Setting
 Diagnosis
• Diagnosis is done by testing a person’s
blood for the presence of antibodies to HIV.
• Antibodies are generally not detectable until 3
to 6 months following infection.
• ELISA and Western Blots are generally used to
test of HIV antibodies.
 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Looks for HIV DNA in the WBCs of a person.
• PCR amplifies tiny quantities of the HIV DNA present, each
cycle of PCR results in doubling of the DNA sequences
present.
• The DNA is detected by using radioactive or biotinylated
probes.
• Once DNA is amplified it is placed on nitrocellulose paper and
allowed to react with a radiolabeled probe, a single stranded
DNA fragment unique to HIV, which will hybridize with the
patient’s HIV DNA if present.
• Radioactivity is determined.
MALARIA
 Introduction
• Malaria is probably one of the oldest diseases known to
mankind that has had profound impact on our history.

• It is a huge social, economical and health problem,

particularly in the tropical countries.

• Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by single-

celled protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium.

• Malaria is transmitted from person to person by the bite of

female mosquitoes.
Female Anopheles Mosquitos
transmit Malaria
 What causes Malaria
• Malaria is caused by a parasite called
Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the bites
of infected mosquitoes. In the human body,
the parasites multiply in the liver, and then
infect red blood cells.
• Transmission of Malaria do not occur <160c
and >330c
 Malaria Kills more people than AIDS
• Malaria kills in one year what AIDS kills in 15
years. For every death due to HIV/AIDS there
are about 50 deaths due to malaria. To add to
the problem is the increasing drug resistance
to the established drug.
 Broad clinical manifestations of Malaria

• Fever
• Sweating
• Anemia
• Splenomagaly (enlarged spleen)
• Irratability
• Coma, Retinal Hemorrages
• Respiratory distress syndrome
 Laboratory Diagnosis
• Laboratory diagnosis of malaria can be made
through microscopic examination of thick and
thin blood smears. Thick blood smears are
more sensitive in detecting malaria parasites
because the blood is more concentrated
allowing for a greater volume of blood to be
examined; however, thick smears are more
difficult to read
Blood collected with sterile technique
Making of Thick smear
How a thick smear looks
Appearance of Thick and Thin
Smears
 Microscopy
• Malaria parasites can be identified by
examining under the microscope a drop of the
patient's blood, spread out as a "blood smear"
on a microscope slide. Prior to examination,
the specimen is stained (most often with the
Giemsa stain) to give to the parasites a
distinctive appearance. This technique
remains the gold standard for laboratory
confirmation of malaria
Microscopic demonstration still the Gold
standard in Diagnosis

Blood smear
stained with
Giemsa’s stain
 Epidemiology
• Malaria continues to be one of the most
important and devastating infectious diseases
in developing areas of the world. Worldwide,
over 40% of the population lives in areas
where malaria transmission occurs (i.e., parts
of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Central and
South America, Hispaniola, and Oceania)
 Control of Malaria

• Elimination of Mosquito breeding places,

• National improvements on health and
Hygiene.
• Use of Mosquito nets, treated with
Pyrithrin
• Clothing with sleeves, and long
trousers
• Use of Mosquito repellents