BIOCHEMISTRY OF PROTIENS

NAME: AYESHA SIDIQA

ROLL NO: 22781
PRESENTATION: HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY
ASSIGNED BY: SIR. HAMZA RAFIQUE
 BIOCHEMISTRY
• Actually biochemistry is the branch of
medical science that describes the structure,
organization and function of living matter in
molecular terms.
• As life depends on biochemical reactions.
Biochemistry has become the basic
language of all biological sciences.
BRIEF HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY.
 ROBERT HOOKE
• Robert Hooke discovered the cell in
1665.
• Actually what he saw, was the dead
cell walls of plant cells (cork) consist of
compartments under the compound light
microscope.
• As he saw small boxes so he named
them cells.
 ROBERT BOYLE
• Robert discovered the Hydrogen gas in 1671.
• He described the reaction between iron
filings and dilute acids, which resulted in the
production of hydrogen gas.
• In 1766-81, Henry Cavendish was the first to
recognize that hydrogen gas was a discrete
substance, and that it produced water when
burned. He named it "flammable air"
 ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

• He view live plant cells using simple handheld

microscope in 1674.
• He was the first to view living unicellular
organisms.
• Using microscope he further discover single-
celled animals and plants, bacteria, and
spermatozoa.
 DANIEL RUTHERFORD
• He discovered the Nitrogen in 1772.
• Rutherford discovered nitrogen by doing an experiment in which he
turned an empty bottle over, trapping the air in the bottle along with a
mouse.
• He burned a candle in the bottle, which used up the oxygen, leaving
behind nitrogen and the mouse died.
 CARL WILHELM SCHEELE
• He was a German chemist, discovered the element
oxygen in 1772.
• He discovered that red hot manganese oxide produces a
gas when it contact with charcoal dust.
• He reported that the resulting gas was odorless and
tasteless and supported the combustion of a candle
more than air and named as fire gas.
 JAN INGENHOUSZ
• He discovered the process of
photosynthesis in 1772.
• He observed that submerged plants
produces air bubbles in the presence of
sunlight and absorb carbon dioxide while
oxygen is released in this process.
 LOUIS NICOLAS VAUQUELIN AND
PIERRE JEAN ROBIQUET
• They discovered the Amino acid Asparagine
in 1806.
• They extracted amino acid asparagine from
asparagus (a vegetable).
 MICHEL EUGENE CHEVREUL
• Michel discovered the cholesterol in 1815.
• He discovered that cholesterol and bile acid are made by liver and they
dissolve and helps in absorption of fatty acids.
• He identified oleic, butyric, capric and stearic acids and cholesterol as
components of animal fats.
 FELIX DUJARDIN
• Felix discovered the protoplasm of the cell in 1835.
• He named it “Sarcode”.
• He explained sarcode as the colourless material comprising the living part
of a cell including all cell organelles.
 JAN EVANGELISTA PURKINJE
In 1839, he stated that protoplasm is composed of
• Ions.
• Amino acids.
• Saccharides.
• Water.
Also differentiated between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
 CELL THEORY
In 1839 the cell theory was proposed by Matthias, Jackob Schleiden,
Theodor Schawann and Rudolf Virchow.
• The theory states that living things are made up of basic units called cells
which are the fundamental units of life.
• And all life come from preexisting life.
 CLAUDE BERNARD
• In 1856, Claude discovered Glycogen.
• He discovered glycogen as white starchy substance found in liver.
 LOUIS PASTEUR
• He proposed fermentation theory in 1857.
• He demonstrated that fermented beverages results from the action of
living yeast transforming glucose into ethanol.
 LOUIS PASTEUR
• He also proposed the Germ Theory in 1861.
• He proposed that the diseases were caused by microscopic organisms
when they invade in body.
• He also proved that bacteria caused diseases.
 BIOCHEMISTRY
• The name Biochemistry was coined by Carl Alexander Neuberg in 1903.
• He is also known as the father of modern Biochemistry.
 CASIMIR FUNK
In 1912 he discovered vitamins.
He named these elements as “vital amine” later named as vitamin.
He discovered vitamin B1 from the rice.
 PHOEBUS LEVENE
Phoebus discovered the “major component of a single nucleotide” in 1919.
He proposed that a nucleotide consists of
• Nitrogenous base
• Sugar ring
• Phosphate moiety.
 INSULIN DISCOVERY.

• In 1923, Fredrick Grant Banting, Charles Best and John James Richard
jointly discovered the “Insulin”.
• They separated the insulin from the pancreatic extracts of dog.
 FREDERIC ALPHONSE MUSCULUS
• In 1926, Frederic discovered the activity
of “urease enzyme”.
• He showed that the urease activity
extracted from the Soya bean and said
that it is a protein by examining its
crystallized form.
 FREDERICK GRIFFITH
• In 1928, Frederick proposed the “Bacterial Transformation Theory”.
• He concluded that the transforming factor to cause disease was inherited
to offspring had to be gene.
• This theory suggests that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic
information through a process known as transformation.
 CARL CORI and GERTY CORI
• In 1947, Carl and Gerty jointly discovered the “Cori Cycle”.
• Cori Cycle pathway connecting the lactate in muscles move through blood
to liver and converted into glucose and glycogen.
 ERWIN CHARGAFF
• In 1950, Erwinn concluded that “
almost all kind of DNA consists of
equal number of Purines and
Pyrimidines”.
• This rule suggested that the amount of
Adenine is equal to Thymine and
amount of Guanine is equal to cytosine.
 ALFRED and MARTHA
• In 1952, Alfred Hershey and
Martha Chase experimentally
proved that “ DNA is the genetic
material”.
• They showed that when
bacteriophages infects bacteria
only DNA enters the host cell, but
not their proteins.
 JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS
CRICK
• In 1953, James and Francis jointly
proposed the “3D DNA double helix
model”.
• They evaluated the structure of DNA
using X-ray diffraction pattern.
 FRANCIS HARRY
• In 1970, Francis proposed the central Dogma of Molecular Biology.
• He describes the two step process transcription and translation.
• Because of which the information flows into proteins.
 SEYMOUR and GARTH
• In 1972, Seymour and Garth proposed the Fluid mosaic model.
• This model proposed the structure of cell membranes having lipid bilayer
in which protein molecules are embedded on it.
 DAWN OF GENOMIC ERA (2000)
Genomics is the field of biology focusing on the
• Structures
• Functions
• Evolution
• Mapping
• Editing of Genomics.
• Prediction and prevention of diseases.