LEXICAL

TRANSFORMATIONS

Almanbet kyzy Kyzsaikal

DISCIPLINE: INTRODUCTION INTO THEORY OF TRANSLATION
EIR- 1-22 (ENU)
 TRANSLITERATION

TRACING TRANSCRIPTION

CLASSIFICATION OF LEXICAL
TRANSFORMATIONS

GENERALIZATION

CONTEXTUAL LEXICO- SEMANTIC MODULATION

SUBSTITUTIONS SUBSTITUTIONS
CONCRETIZATION
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLITERATION are ways of
translating the original lexical unit by recreating its form using
the letters of the target language. Transcription reproduces the
sound form of foreign language word, while transliteration
reproduces its graphic form (letter composition).
The techniques od transcribing and transliteration are
interspresed with each other. Transliteration is usually based on
the following interalphabetic parallels at the letter level when
translating from English to Russian:
The names of companies, ships, streets, squares, theaters and some geographical names are
transcribed.
Also people`s first and last names are transcribed. There are problems when translating
the names of English monarchs. There are general rules, which became common until the
end of 19th cent. The following is list of names of British kings and their translation into
Russian.
William-Вильгельм, но не Вильям
Henry-Генрих, но не Генри
James-Иаков, но не Джеймс
Charles-Карл, но не Чарльз
George-Георг, но не Джордж
CALQUING is a way of translating a lexical unit of the original by
replacing its constituent parts-morphemes or words( in case of
stable word combinations)-with their lexical correspondences in
the target language. The essence of calquing is to create a new
word or a stable combination in the target language, copying the
structure of the original lexical unit. Names of parties,
international organizations and government services are calqued.
Cyber store-интернет-магазин
Cross examination-перекрестный допрос
Supreme Court- Верховный Суд
Mixed laws- смешанные законы
Superpower-сверхдержава
Miniskirt-мини юбка
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC substitutions are way of translating lexical units of the original
by using in translation the units of the target language, the meaning of which does not
coincide with the meanings of the source units, but can be derived from them with the
help of a certain type of logical transformations. The main type of such substitutions
are concretization, generalization, and modulation.
CONCRETIZATION/ SPECIFICATION, or substituting words with a
wider meaning with words of a narrower meaning:
Will you do the room?- Ты уберешься в комнате?
I will get the papers on the way home.-Я куплю газеты по дороге домой.
The underlined English words have larger scopes of meaning than their
Russian counterparts and their particular semantics is recognized from
the context.
GENERALIZATION, or substituting words of a narrower meaning with those
of a wider meaning:
People do not like to be stared at.-Людям не нравится, когда на них смотрят.
If we compare the semantic structure of the English and Russian verbs, we can
see that the English stare specifies the action of seeing expressed by the
Russian verb. The Russian смотреть can imply staring, facing, eyeing, etc.
The specific meaning in the Russian sentence can bee expressed by the adverb
пристально. Another reason for generalization in translating can be that the
particular meaning expressed by the source language word might be irrelevant
for the translation receptor: She bought the Oolong tea on her way home.-По
дороге домой она купила китайского чаю. Oolong is sort of Chinese tea but
for the receptor this information is not important; therefore, the translator can
generalize.
MODULATION OR SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT is the replacement of a word or phrase
combination of the target language with a unit of the target language, the meaning of which is
logically derived from the meaning of the original unit. Most often, the meanings of related words
in the original and translation are connected by cause-and-effect relations: I DO NOT BLAME
THEM.> Я ИХ ПОНИМАЮ (причина заменена следствием: я их не виню потому что,
я их понимаю))
HE ALWAYS MADE YOU SAY EVERYTHING TWICE.- ОН ВСЕГДА ПЕРЕСПРШИВАЛ. (вы
были вынуждены повторять сказанное, потому что он переспрашивал)
When using the modulation method, the logical connection between two items is always preserved.
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!🥰