CHD225

Chemical Reaction
Engineering-I
LECTURE-2
 Chemical Reaction
A process where components loose their old identity
and adopt to new identity by going through chemical
change.

Chemical Change
Reactant Product
(Old Identity) (New Identity)
 Chemical Reaction
Decomposition Combination Isomerization
A bigger molecule breaks into smaller molecule Smaller molecules combine together to Components change identity
form larger molecule without synthesis and
decomposition
 Rate of Reaction
Rate at which reaction proceed is called Rate of Reaction.

Rate Based on unit volume Rate Based on unit volume Rate Based on interfacial surface area Rate Based on unit mass of
of reactant of reactor of multiple phase reactions solid (catalyst)

1 𝑑𝑁 𝑖 1 𝑑𝑁 𝑖 1 𝑑𝑁 𝑖 1 𝑑𝑁 𝑖
𝑟 𝑖1= 𝑟 𝑖 2= 𝑟 𝑖 3= 𝑟𝑖 4=
𝑉 𝑟 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 𝑆 𝑑𝑡 𝑊 𝑑𝑡

Used for homogeneous reactions Used for heterogeneous reactions

(Single Phase) (Multi-Phase)
𝑉 𝑟 𝑟 𝑖1 =𝑉 𝑟 𝑖 2=𝑆𝑟 𝑖3 =𝑊 𝑟 𝑖4
Molar Flowrate and Concentration
General Chemical Equation:

Volumetric
 Rate Equation and Power Law
• A relationship between rate of reaction and concentration of species.
• There can be any kind of relations but most used is Power law

Power Law

𝑟 𝑖=𝑘 ∏ (𝐶¿¿𝑖) ¿
𝛼𝑖

ri= rate of reaction

k= specific rate contant
αi= apparent order of component i
 Rate Equation and Power Law
Order of Reaction

For above reaction, rate equation can be written as:

𝑟 𝑖=𝑘 ∏ (𝐶¿¿𝑖) ¿
𝛼𝑖

𝑟 𝐴=𝑘 𝐶 𝛼𝐴 𝐶 𝐵ß
Order of reaction is sum of power of all concentration terms in rate equation.
Order of reaction = α+ß
Since reactant A is disappearing a ‘-’ sign is put before r to just indicate the disappearance of species.
(−𝑟 ¿¿ 𝐴)=𝑘 𝐶 𝛼𝐴 𝐶 ß𝐵 ¿
 Basic Mole balance
Fin

Fout

( ) ( )( ) ( ) (
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 − 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 + 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 − 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )
𝑉
𝑑 𝑁𝑖 (𝐺¿¿ 𝑖=∫ 𝑟 𝑖 𝑑𝑉 )¿
𝐹 𝑖𝑛 − 𝐹 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐺𝑖=
𝑑𝑡 0
Reactors

Fin

Fout

Batch Reactor CSTR PFR

Ideal Batch Reactors
IDEAL REACTORS
• Residence time of particles is same throughout reactor.
• A perfect mixing is assumed.
• There is a uniform concentration throughout reactor.
• Disappearance of A is same throughout.

BATCH REACTOR ASSUMPTIONS

• Ideal conditions are assumed.
• With time reactants will change into products. Thus composition will
change with time. Therefore unsteady state is assumed.
Ideal Batch Reactors
BATCH REACTOR ASSUMPTIONS
• Ideal conditions are assumed.
• With time reactants will change into products. Thus composition will
change with time. Therefore steady state is assumed.
• From basic mole balance:
𝑉
𝑑 𝑁𝑖
𝐹 𝑖𝑛 − 𝐹 𝑜𝑢𝑡 +∫ 𝑟 𝑖 𝑑𝑉 =
0 𝑑𝑡
• Since there is no continuous flow,
0 0𝑉 𝑑 𝑁𝑖
𝐹 𝑖𝑛 − 𝐹 𝑜𝑢𝑡 +∫ 𝑟 𝑖 𝑑𝑉 =
0 𝑑𝑡
Therefore:
𝑉
𝑑 𝑁𝑖
∫ 𝑟 𝑖 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑡
0
Ideal Batch Reactors
But, reactor is assumed to be perfectly mixed, thus properties such as
temperature, pressure, concentration and reaction rate doesn’t change
with volume. Therefore:
𝑑 𝑁𝑖
𝑟𝑖 𝑉 =
𝑑𝑡
Ideal Batch Reactor equation
Or,
1 𝑑 𝑁𝑖
𝑟 𝑖=
𝑉 𝑑𝑡
Ideal CSTR/MFR
CSTR ASSUMPTIONS:
• A perfect and uniform mixing
• Concentration distribution through tank is uniform
• Concentration of exit streams will be same as that of in
tank. Fin, CA0
• Extremely fast reaction: CA0 converts into CA as it enters,
thus ensuring steady state.

CA Fout ,CA0
Ideal CSTR
General Mole Balance:
For a perfectly mixed CSTR, volume and concentration
remains constant, thus making reaction rate constant.
𝐹 𝐴 0 − 𝐹 𝐴 +(−𝑟 ¿¿ 𝐴)𝑉 =0 ¿
Fin, CA0
Rearranging,
𝐹 𝐴0 − 𝐹 𝐴
𝑉=
(−𝑟 𝐴) CA Fout ,CA0
Ideal CSTR equation
But FA=ϑCA
Thus,
𝜗 𝐶 𝐴 0 −𝜗 𝐶 𝐴
𝑉=
(−𝑟 𝐴)
Ideal PFR
PFR ASSUMPTIONS:
• Perfect mixing radially.
• No axial mixing
• Reactants are consumed as they flow down the length.
• No radial variation on properties makes the PFR at steady
state.
Ideal PFR
General Mole Balance:
For a PFR,
𝐹 𝐴 ¿𝑉 − 𝐹 𝐴 ¿𝑉 + ∆ 𝑉 +(−𝑟 ¿ ¿ 𝐴)∆ 𝑉 =0 ¿

Rearranging,
𝐹 𝐴 ¿𝑉 − 𝐹 𝐴 ¿𝑉 +∆ 𝑉
(−𝑟 𝐴 )=
∆𝑉
Or,
𝑑 𝐹𝐴
(−𝑟 ¿¿ 𝐴)= ¿
𝑑𝑉
THANK YOU