Sample Proposal Final Draft

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ARROWROOT
(Maranta arundinacea) MEDIATED

SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AGAINST
Tinea pedis
A Proposal Presented by Physical Science (Group 3)
from STEM Strand for School Year 2023-2024
The Research Proponents
Research Members (listed alphabetically):
4. AGRIPA, John Dominic E. - G12 Del Rosario
Research Title Sponsor:
5. BADO, Nefretery Chriscel P. - G12 Quisumbing
ACHAY, Pete Bradford R. - G12 Quisumbing
6. CASTILLO, Maria Gabrielle T. - G12 Fronda
Research Leaders: 7. DAGUINOTAS, Rand Aien L. - G12 Lagmay
Lead Researcher: 8. DE GUZMAN, Samantha R. - G12 Fronda
1. MANALO, Cyrille Mhae O. - G12 Lagmay 9. GARCIA, Jethro D. - G12 Lagmay
Co-Lead Researcher 1: 10. MANUEL, Alliah Shane B. - G12 Del Rosario
2. VILLARUEL, Jamilla May F. - G12 Lagmay 11. SANTOS, Anne Sofia E. - G12 Fronda
Co-Lead Researcher 2: 12. VILLAREAL, Jennifer Nicole G. - G12 Del Rosario
3. ACHAY, Pete Bradford R. - G12 Quisumbing 13.
14.
15.
A Proposal Presented by Physical Science (Group 3) from STEM Strand for School Year 2023-2024
Introduction
Background of the Study
Tinea pedis, most commonly known as
"athlete's foot" is caused by a fungal mode of
infection. It is also defined in the medicine world as
a ringworm of the foot. Causative agents of this
infection are called dermatophytes that can
damage the top layer of the skin, particularly in
epidermis (Julien et al. 2021)
According to (Leung et al. 2023), unlike other fungal
diseases, Tinea pedis severely affects individuals ages
16-45 by regular contact of contamination. It may display
discomfort, serious health issues of wound formation and
ambulatory dysfunction. Countermeasures of this
infection include application of ointments, creams, sprays
containing Clotrimazole (R) and taking medication pills
(CDC 2022).
A different approach to utilize organic materials
including plant extracts has led to further investigation
about mediation of nanoparticles. Arrowroot, a well-
cultivated plant in tropical countries, has been widely
used in cuisines and medicines. As it is proven to exhibit
antifungal properties, this study aims to observe
arrowroot's mediated selenium nanoparticles effect
against a particular prevalent fungal infection of Tinea
pedis.
Theoretical Framework
• (if applicable)
Conceptual Framework / Research Paradigm
Figure demonstrates a feedback
mechanism loop wherein an input must
yield to an output after a succeeding
procedures related. The input consists
of the independent variable arrowroot
mediated selenium nanoparticles extract
in different concentrations, dependent
variable Tinea pedis, positive and
negative controls. These will undergo
processes that will produce a
percentage of relative inhibition zone
diameter (%RIZD) after an antifungal
assay.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to explore the potential of arrowroot-
mediated selenium nanoparticles as an antifungal treatment
for Tinea pedis, commonly known as athlete's foot. Current
treatments have side effects, and this research seeks to
investigate the antifungal properties of this alternative option
due to the known antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory
properties of arrowroot.
This study seeks to answer the following research questions:
1. What is the zone of inhibition of Tinea pedis exposed in Arrowroot (Maranta
arundinacea) Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles with the following
concentrations?
• a. 50 μL;
• b. 100 μL;
• c. 150 μL;
• d. Positive Control (Clotrimazole), and;
• e. Negative Control (Toluene)
2. What is the percentage of Relative Inhibition Zone
Diameter (%RIZD) of Tinea pedis exposed in Arrowroot
(Maranta arundinacea) Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles with
the following concentrations?
a. 50 μL;
b. 100 μL, and;
c. 150 μL?
3. Is there a significant difference between the
percentage of Relative Inhibition Zone Diameter
(%RIZD) of Tinea pedis exposed in varying
concentrations of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea)
Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles?
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were stated in the null form to answer the
stated research questions.
1. There is an insignificant result among the zone of inhibition of
Tinea pedis fungus under influence of Arrowroot (Maranta
arundinacea) selenium nanoparticles.mediation in 50 μL, 100μL, 150
μL concentrations and the positive (Clotrimazole(R)) and negative
(Ethanol).
Hypotheses
2. There is an insignificant result among the Relative
Inhibition Zone Diameter (%RIZD) of Tinea Pedis under
influence of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) selenium
nanoparticles mediation with 50 μL, 100μL, 150
μLconcentrations the positive (Clotrimazole(R)) and
negative (Ethanol).
Hypotheses
3. There is no significant difference between the percentage
of Relative Inhibition Zone Diameter (%RIZD) of Tinea Pedis
under influence of Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) selenium
nanoparticles mediation with 50 μL, 100μL, 150
μLconcentrations the positive (Clotrimazole(R)) and negative
(Ethanol).
Scope and Delimitation
This study aims to investigate the antifungal properties of
Arrowroot-derived selenium nanoparticles against Tinea pedis
which is commonly known as Athlete’s foot. The study will
only focus on the specific antifungal properties of Arrowroot,
excluding broader effects on overall healing and avoiding
unrelated areas of research. The findings will be directly
applicable to tinea pedis and will not cover other parameters
that are irrelevant to the aims of the study.
Significance of the Study
The Tinea pedis study offers innovative and safer

treatments, potentially improving patients' lives. It advances
nanomedicine with sustainable practices, benefiting
healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors. Economic impact and
interdisciplinary collaborations are anticipated, enhancing
disease understanding and aiding future research in medicine
and life sciences.
Key
Literatures
Related Literature
Fungal infections cause 1.7 million deaths annually, comparable to
tuberculosis and malaria (Kainz et al. 2020; Mishra et al. 2020). Factors like
age, medical history, and environment contribute, leading to complications.
Specific fungi, including candidiasis and cryptococcosis, pose risks, especially
for those with weakened immunity (NIH 2022). Tinea, such as athlete's foot,
affects skin and nails in warm, moist areas, with treatment options like creams,
sprays, and powders (Health Direct 2021; Crown 2021). Antifungal pills are
used, and innovative approaches involve organic solutions, nanotechnology,
and plant-based nanoparticles like gold and zinc oxide (CDC 2022; Sharmin et
al. 2022; Braganza 2023). Selenium nanoparticles show promise in
biomedicine, aiding in treating infections, cancer, and diabetes (Bisht 2022).
Related Literature
Athlete's foot, or alipunga, is common in tropical areas and worsens with environmental
exposure, potentially causing disfigurement and toenail destruction if untreated (The Filipino
Doctor 2023). Similar fungal infections spread in damp places through direct contact, with
tight shoes and barefoot walking increasing the risk ("Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot)" n.d.).
Floods in Bataan lead to infections, prompting residents to use self-medication methods,
despite recommendations against it (Philippine News Agency 2018). Treatment includes
over-the-counter medications and home remedies like soaking feet, wearing clean socks, and
keeping shoes dry (Zorilla 2021). Arrowroot, cultivated in the Philippines, is versatile in
baking, medicine, and eco-friendly industries, contributing to various applications
(Department of Agriculture n.d.). It also offers medicinal benefits, containing essential
nutrients like manganese, calcium, iron, copper, vitamin B5, and folate (Helen C. 2023).
Related Studies
Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) , a common infection affecting the feet (Yetman et al., 2020),
is formed due to the season, climate and geographical variations (Nowicka and Nawrot
2021). This can lead and result in thick, discolored, and crumbly toenails that detach from the
nail bed (Saldrich et al.,2020). Tinea pedis affects a significant portion of the population,
primarily teens and adults between 16 and 45 years old (Leung et al., 2023), with a higher
prevalence in males.
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), show promise in combating various diseases,

including cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and nephropathy, due to their low toxicity. SeNPs have
demonstrated powerful anti-cancer and antibacterial effects, making them valuable in medical
treatments (Khurana et al. 2019, Zohaib et al. 2023). In a research investigation conducted
by Dhayanithi et al.(2020) entitled " Preparation and evaluation of Antifungal Activity of
Arrowroot Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles Against Candida Albicans" highlight antifungal
properties of Selenium nanoparticles.
Related Studies
The Philippines, being located in a tropical region, faces increased susceptibility to fungal
infection due to climate change, frequent disasters, lifestyle risk factors, and infectious
disease that are not urgently being addressed. Common fungal infections include
aspergillosis, candidiasis, dermatophytes, Pneumocystis pneumonia, and Cryptococcus
neoformans (Notarte et al., 2023). The infection caused by invasive fungal species drive the
weakened immune system ( Legaspi et al., 2020). Factors like hygiene, work, and flooding
contribute to Tinea pedis exposure. Occupations like construction, factory labor, and farming
increase the risk. Rural farming in Leyte is exposed to ringworm and dermatophytosis
(Santiago et al., 2020). Herbal products like Cassia alata are used, regulated by PITAHC.
However, long-term effects, effectiveness on specific populations, and drug-food interactions
are not fully addressed in the policies (Zarsuelo, 2018).
Related Legal Basis
The Republic Act No. 2067, known as the Science Act of 1958, declares the policy to
promote scientific and technological research for national progress. This research study will
be helpful to the pharmaceutical industry since it will provide information about the
effectiveness of the Arrowroot Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles on Tinea pedis. At the end
of the study, the results will be identified and could be used for future studies.
In addition, on the 15th of October of 1990, Executive Order No. 430 was signed by
former President Corazon Aquino, and the National Committee on Biosafety in the Philippines
(NCBP) was created. Biotechnology and biosafety policies are formulated here. In
accordance with this law, the study will not tolerate activities related to chemical and
biological warfare and the monitoring of the work will be the responsibility of the institution.
Furthermore, the rules and regulations will be properly implemented by the institution and
researchers.
Research
Methodology
Research Design
This study will use a Random Posttest Only Control Group
Design, testing a control group and an experimental group. The
independent variable is Arrowroot rhizome-mediated Selenium
particles, and the dependent variable is their antifungal activity
against tinea pedis, measured by the zone of inhibition.
Experimental Procedures
The experimentation of this research is mainly adopted from foreign previous
studies related to antifungal activity and use of organic materials. The following
was done according to required procedure needed to pursue the study :
A. Procurement of Plant Samples

B. Plant Extraction
C. Preparation of Selenium Nanoparticles
D. Preparation of Positive and Negative Controls
E. Antifungal Assay
Experimental Procedures
Data Gathering Procedures
After the incubation period, the Tinea pedis’ Zone of
Inhibition will be recorded. Using the formula adopted from
(Afonso et al. 2020), the %RIZD will be calculated. The
treatments will be replicated three times for precise results.
Lastly, the data will be gathered from the three replications
and will undergo statistical treatments to come up with well-
founded conclusions.
Data Analysis
Researchers will analyze data using Microsoft Excel and various statistical
techniques to understand the antibacterial properties of plant leaf extracts.
They’ll use methods like the Relative Inhibition Zone Diameter (% RIZD) to
compare different extracts and control groups. Before analysis, they’ll check if
the data meets certain criteria, like normal distribution, using the Shapiro-Wilk
Test. If the data fits these criteria, they’ll use parametric methods; otherwise,
non-parametric methods will be applied. To ensure accuracy, researchers will
also examine if groups have similar variances using Levene’s test. If differences
are found, a detailed analysis will be done to identify specific variations among
group means. These tests help scientists draw meaningful conclusions about
the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts.
Other Research
Undertakings
Workplan and Timeline
November 2023 December 2023 January 2024 February 2024 March 2024 April 2024
Research Activities W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
*add rows if necessary
Plan for Research Outcome Dissemination
April 2024 June 2024
Dissemination Activities
W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
*add rows if necessary
Cost Estimates
Expenditures Proposed Budget

Eligible Expenses: 0.00
Non-eligible Expenses: 0.00
Total Amount of Proposed Budgetary Requirement: Php 0.00
Declaration of Anti-plagiarism and Absence of Conflict of Interest
The proponents declare that there are NO

PLAGIARISM AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST
regarding the proposal of this study.
References
Reference List
(Turkistani et al. 2021)
Turkistani, Ohoud Adel, Abdullah Ali Aljalfan, Meshal Mohammed Albaqami, Mohammad Mubarak Alajmi, Abdullaziz Mohammed
Bahayan, Anwar Ajlan Alqurashi, Renad Mutlaq Alhanaki, et al. 2021. “Epidemiology, Evaluation and Management of Tinea Pedis.”
International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health 9 (1): 332. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214832.
(Nigam and Saleh 2023)

Nigam, Pramod K., and Dahlia Saleh. 2023. “Tinea Pedis.” PubMed. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470421/#:~:text=The%20patients%20with%20tinea%20pedis
(“Araro / Arrowroot / Maranta Arundinacea: Philippine Alternative Medicine / Medicinal Herbs / StuartXchange,” n.d.)
Araro / Arrowroot / Maranta Arundinacea: Philippine Alternative Medicine / Medicinal Herbs / StuartXchange.” n.d.
Www.stuartxchange.org. http://www.stuartxchange.org/Araro.html.
(S et al. 2021)
S, Blessy Pushparathna, S. Rajeshkumar, T. Lakshmi, and Anitha Roy. 2021. “Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Arrowroot Mediated
Selenium Nanoparticles against Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus Species.” Journal of Complementary Medicine Research 11 (5):
17–17. https://www.bibliomed.org/?mno=63685.
(Francis et al. 2020)

Francis, Twinkle, S Rajeshkumar, Anita Roy, and T Lakshmi. 2020. “Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effect of Arrow Root Mediated
Selenium Nanoparticles.” Pharmacognosy Journal 12 (6): 1363–67. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.188.
Reference List
(Khurana et al. 2019)
Khurana, Amit, Sravani Tekula, Mohd Aslam Saifi, Pooladanda Venkatesh, and Chandraiah Godugu. 2019. “Therapeutic
Applications of Selenium Nanoparticles.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 111 (March): 802–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.146.
(Braganza 2023)
Braganza, Lauro. 2023. “Arrowroot Farming in the Philippines: How to Plant and Grow Uraro.” Sustainable Agriculture.
May 2, 2023. https://agraryo.com/agriculture/arrowroot-farming-how-to-plant-and-grow-uraro/.
(Bisht, Phalswal, and Khanna 2022)

Bisht, Neha, Priyanka Phalswal, and Pawan K. Khanna. 2022. “Selenium Nanoparticles: A Review on Synthesis and
Biomedical Applications.” Materials Advances. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00639h.
(“The Filipino Doctor - Doctor Information, Health Articles, Drug Knowledge” n.d.)
“The Filipino Doctor - Doctor Information, Health Articles, Drug Knowledge.” n.d. TheFilipinoDoctor.com. Accessed
November 4, 2023. https://thefilipinodoctor.com/condition/athletes-foot.
(“Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot),” n.d.)

“Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot).” n.d. Healthy Pilipinas: Health Information for All Filipinos.
https://www.healthypilipinas.ph/health-a-z/tinea-pedis-athletes-foot?fbclid=IwAR3tQ6Hl85J3fUImr0Dgu3EvwdXr8uTL0s4
faxNItssBqsln93BoHl1QV78
.
Reference List
(Esconde 2018)
Esconde, Ernie. “Flood Leaves Some Bataan Residents with Lepto, Athlete’s Foot.” Philippine News Agnecy , July 27, 2018.
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1042687.
(Zorilla 2021)
Zorilla , Rowence. “Is Athlete’s Foot Transmissible? - Nnc.Gov.Ph.” National Nutrition Council , December 20, 2021.
https://nnc.gov.ph/regional-offices/mindanao/region-ix-zamboanga-peninsula/6715-is-athlete-s-foot-transmissible.
(“Arrowroot” n.d.)
“Arrowroot.” n.d. HerbaZest. Accessed November 4, 2023. https://www.herbazest.com/herbs/arrowroot.
(Dhayanithi et al. 2020)

Dhayanithi, J, S Rajeshkumar, Anitha Roy, and T Lakshmi. 2020. “Preparation and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Arrow
Root Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles against Candida Albicans ARTICLE HISTORY.” Www.jocmr.com JOURNAL of
COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 11 (5).
https://www.bibliomed.org/mnsfulltext/55/55-1615638257.pdf?1697537767.
(saldrich 2020)
saldrich. 2020. “Getting through a Case of Athlete’s Foot.” Sonoran University of Health Sciences. June 29, 2020.
https://www.sonoran.edu/2020/06/29/getting-through-a-case-of-athletes-foot/#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20strong%20antifungal.
Reference List
(Rezaei et al. 2019)
Rezaei, Razieh, Mohsen Safaei, Hamid Reza Mozaffari, Hedaiat Moradpoor, Sara Karami, Amin Golshah, Behroz Salimi, and Hossein
Karami. 2019. “The Role of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Diseases and Their Effects on the Immune System.” Open Access
Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7 (11): 1884–90. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.486.
(Khurana et al. 2019)

Khurana, Amit, Sravani Tekula, Mohd Aslam Saifi, Pooladanda Venkatesh, and Chandraiah Godugu. 2019. “Therapeutic Applications of
Selenium Nanoparticles.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 111 (March): 802–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.146.
Zohaib, Hafiz Muhamma, Madiha Saqlain, and Hamra Jamil. “Investigating the Effect of Selenium Nano-Particles on Microbial Activity
and Cancerous Cell Line of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231.” ResearchGate , July 2023.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372420662_Investigating_the_effect_of_selenium_nano-particles_on_microbial_activity_and_c
ancerous_cell_line_of_MCF-7_and_MDA-MB-231
.
(R. Notarte et al. 2023)

R. Notarte, Kin Israel, Adriel M. Pastrana, Abbygail Therese M. Ver, Jacqueline Veronica L. Velasco, Ma. Margarita Leticia D. Gellaco,
and Melissa H. Pecundo. 2023. “Chapter 9 - Mycosis in the Philippines: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnostics and
Interventions.” Edited by Jonathan Jaime G. Guerrero, Teresita U. Dalisay, Marian P. De Leon, Mark Angelo O. Balendres, Kin Israel R.
Notarte, and Thomas Edison E. Dela Cruz. ScienceDirect. Academic Press. January 1, 2023.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323994897000056
(Legaspi and Maramba-Lazarte 2020) Legaspi, Charisse Leanne B., and Cecilia C. Maramba-Lazarte. 2020. “The Phytochemical Content
and the in Vitro Antifungal Properties of Senna Alata (Linn.) Roxb.: A Review.” Acta Medica Philippina 54 (1).
https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v54i1.1111.
Reference List
(Tababa, Flores-Genuino, and Salud-Gnilo 2020)
Tababa, Erin Jane L., Rowena Natividad S. Flores-Genuino, and Charissa Mia D. Salud-Gnilo. 2020. “Senna Alata (Akapulko) Extract
versus Topical Antifungals for Treatment of Superficial Fungal Skin Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Acta Medica
Philippina 54 (1). https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v54i1.1099.
FIRST LAW
(“Republic Act No. 2067,” n.d.)
“Republic Act No. 2067.” n.d. Lawphil.net. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1958/ra_2067_1958.html.
SECOND LAW
(Halos, n.d.)
Halos, Isaturnina. n.d. “The 3rd JIRCAS Symposium: The 4th International Symposium on the Biosafety Results of Field Tests 7.
Biosafety Guidelines in the Philippines and Their Implementation.”
https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/publication/intlsymp/intlsymp-5_329-330.pdf.
(Tui 2021)
Tui. 2021. “How to Make Arrowroot Powder (with Canna Edulis).” The Tropical Homestead. October 7, 2021.
https://thetropicalhomestead.com/how-to-make-arrowroot-powder-with-canna-edulis/.
(Afonso et al. 2020)

Afonso, Sílvia, Ivo Vaz Oliveira, Anne S. Meyer, Alfredo Aires, Maria José Saavedra, and Berta Gonçalves. 2020. “Phenolic Profile and
Bioactive Potential of Stems and Seed Kernels of Sweet Cherry Fruit.” Antioxidants 9 (12): 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121295.
Reference List
(Tababa, Flores-Genuino, and Salud-Gnilo 2020)
Tababa, Erin Jane L., Rowena Natividad S. Flores-Genuino, and Charissa Mia D. Salud-Gnilo. 2020. “Senna Alata (Akapulko) Extract
versus Topical Antifungals for Treatment of Superficial Fungal Skin Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Acta Medica
Philippina 54 (1). https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v54i1.1099.
FIRST LAW
(“Republic Act No. 2067,” n.d.)
“Republic Act No. 2067.” n.d. Lawphil.net. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1958/ra_2067_1958.html.
SECOND LAW
(Halos, n.d.)
Halos, Isaturnina. n.d. “The 3rd JIRCAS Symposium: The 4th International Symposium on the Biosafety Results of Field Tests 7.
Biosafety Guidelines in the Philippines and Their Implementation.”
https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/publication/intlsymp/intlsymp-5_329-330.pdf.
(Tui 2021)
Tui. 2021. “How to Make Arrowroot Powder (with Canna Edulis).” The Tropical Homestead. October 7, 2021.
https://thetropicalhomestead.com/how-to-make-arrowroot-powder-with-canna-edulis/.
(Afonso et al. 2020)

Afonso, Sílvia, Ivo Vaz Oliveira, Anne S. Meyer, Alfredo Aires, Maria José Saavedra, and Berta Gonçalves. 2020. “Phenolic Profile and
Bioactive Potential of Stems and Seed Kernels of Sweet Cherry Fruit.” Antioxidants 9 (12): 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121295.

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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ARROWROOT

(Maranta arundinacea) MEDIATED

The Tinea pedis study offers innovative and safer

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), show promise in combating various diseases,

A. Procurement of Plant Samples

*add rows if necessary

*add rows if necessary

Expenditures Proposed Budget

The proponents declare that there are NO

(Nigam and Saleh 2023)

(Francis et al. 2020)

(Bisht, Phalswal, and Khanna 2022)

(“Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s Foot),” n.d.)

(Dhayanithi et al. 2020)

(Khurana et al. 2019)

(R. Notarte et al. 2023)

(Afonso et al. 2020)

(Afonso et al. 2020)

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