Danish kaleem

Student at KMU IHS swat

BSN 4TH Semester
Assignment Topic: ECG
Submitted to: Sir Ibrar Hussain sb
Objectves
• What is ecg
• Purpose of ECG
• Diagnostic tools
• Equipment of ECG
• Procedure of ECG
• Impotance of ECG
ECG: ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
1. **Electrocardiogram (ECG):** A medical test that records the
electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, typically
represented as a graph of voltage versus time.

• 2. **ECG Signal:** A visual representation of the heart’s electrical

impulses, helping to diagnose various cardiac conditions by observing
the pattern of waves, intervals, and segments on the ECG graph.
Continued
An Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a non-invasive medical test that
measures the electrical activity of the heart. Here are some key details:

• 1. **Electrical Activity:** The heart generates electrical impulses as it

contracts to pump blood. These electrical signals can be detected and
recorded by placing electrodes on the skin, typically on the chest,
arms, and legs.
Continued
2. **Electrodes Placement:** Electrodes are attached to specific
locations on the body to capture the electrical signals from different
angles. The standard 12-lead ECG provides a comprehensive view of
the heart’s activity.

• 3. **Graphical Representation:** The ECG produces a graphical

representation of the heart’s electrical activity over time. It consists of
waves, intervals, and segments, each providing information about
different aspects of cardiac function.
Component of ECG
4. **Components of ECG:**
- **P Wave:** Represents atrial depolarization (contraction).
- **QRS Complex:** Indicates ventricular depolarization
(contraction).
- **T Wave:** Represents ventricular repolarization (relaxation).
- **PR Interval:** Time from atrial depolarization to ventricular
depolarization.
• - **QT Interval:** Time from ventricular depolarization to
repolarization.
Diagnostic tools
5. **Diagnostic Tool:** ECG is crucial for diagnosing various cardiac
conditions, including arrhythmias, myocardial infarction (heart attack),
and abnormalities in the heart’s conduction system.

• 6. **Holter Monitoring:** In addition to standard ECGs, Holter

monitors can provide continuous ECG recording over 24 hours or
longer, helping to detect intermittent abnormalities.
Continued

7. **Portable Devices:** Advances in technology have led to portable ECG devices

that individuals can use at home to monitor their heart activity. These devices can
provide valuable information for early detection of heart issues.

8. **Clinical Applications:** ECG is widely used in clinical settings, emergency rooms,

and ambulances to assess cardiac health quickly. It plays a vital role in routine check-
ups, preoperative evaluations, and monitoring patients with known heart conditions.

• Understanding the information derived from an ECG is essential for healthcare

professionals in managing and treating various cardiac disorders
Purpose of ECG
• The purpose of an ECG is to measure and record the electrical activity
of the heart, helping doctors diagnose and monitor heart conditions
by analyzing the patterns of heartbeats on a graph.
Equipment of ECG
The primary equipment for an ECG includes:

1. **Electrodes:** Small, adhesive patches placed on the skin to detect

and transmit electrical signals from the heart.

• 2. **ECG Machine:** A device that amplifies and records the

electrical signals received from the electrodes. Modern machines
often have digital displays.
Contd…

3. **Cables and Leads:** Wires connecting the electrodes to the ECG

machine. These transmit the electrical signals from different points on
the body to create a comprehensive view.

4. **Paper or Digital Display:** The output medium where the ECG

waveform is recorded. Traditional ECG machines use paper, while
modern ones often have digital displays.
• purposes
Contd…

5. **Electrode Gel or Paste:** Applied to the skin under the electrodes

to improve electrical conductivity and ensure accurate signal
transmission.

• 6. **ECG Grid Paper (if using paper):** Marked with a grid to help
measure time and voltage intervals of the ECG waves accurately.
Continued..
7. **Calibration Controls:** Settings on the ECG machine to ensure
proper scaling and calibration of the recorded electrical signals.

8. **Patient Cable:** Connects the electrodes to the ECG machine and

is often detachable for ease of use.

• These components work together to capture, amplify, and record the

electrical activity of the heart, providing valuable information for
diagnostic tools.
 Procedure of ECG
The complete procedure for an ECG involves several steps:

1. **Patient Preparation:**
- Ensure the patient is comfortably positioned, usually lying down.
• - If needed, ask the patient to remove clothing from the chest, arms,
and legs, and provide a gown or cover for privacy.
Contd…
2. **Electrode Placement:**
- Clean the areas where electrodes will be placed to remove oils and
ensure good electrode contact.
• - Attach adhesive electrodes to specific locations on the chest,
wrists, and ankles. The standard 12-lead ECG involves placing
electrodes in specific patterns.
Contd..
3. **Connection to ECG Machine:**
- Connect the electrodes to the ECG machine using cables. Ensure a
secure and proper connection to capture accurate signals.

4. **Calibration:**
• - Calibrate the ECG machine to ensure accurate measurement of
voltage and time intervals. This involves setting the baseline and
standardizing the amplitude of the recorded signals
Contd..
5. **Recording:**
- Start the ECG recording. The machine records the electrical activity
of the heart over a specific time period, creating a graphical
representation of the heart’s rhythm.

6. **Patient Cooperation:**
• - Instruct the patient to remain still and relaxed during the recording
to avoid artifacts that could affect the accuracy of the ECG.
Contd…

7. **Monitoring:**
• - Monitor the ECG recording in real-time to ensure the quality of the
signal. Address any issues promptly.
• 8. **Recording Duration:**
• - The standard ECG recording typically takes a few minutes, but
longer monitoring (e.g., Holter monitoring) can extend for 24 hours or
more.
Contd…

9. **Electrode Removal:**
- After recording, carefully remove the electrodes. Wipe off any
residual gel or adhesive.

10. **Analysis:**
• - Interpret the ECG recording. A healthcare professional analyzes
the waves, intervals, and segments to identify any abnormalities or
patterns indicative of heart conditions.
Contd..

11. **Documentation:**
- Document the findings in the patient’s medical records for
reference and future comparisons.

• The entire procedure is non-invasive, and the patient can usually

resume normal activities immediately after the ECG is completed.
Importantance of ECG:
1. **Diagnosis of Heart Conditions:**
- ECG is crucial for diagnosing various heart conditions, including
arrhythmias, myocardial infarction (heart attack), and abnormalities in
the heart’s electrical conduction system. It provides valuable insights into
the overall cardiac health.

2. **Risk Assessment:**
• - ECG helps assess the risk of future cardiac events by identifying
irregularities in the heart’s rhythm and detecting signs of ischemia or
inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle.
Contd..
3. **Treatment Monitoring:**
• - It is used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments such as
medications or interventions like cardiac catheterization. Changes in
the ECG over time can indicate how well the heart is responding to
treatment.
Contd…
4. **Preoperative Evaluation:**
- ECG is routinely performed as part of preoperative assessments to
evaluate a patient’s cardiac health before surgery. It helps determine the
risk of complications during and after the procedure.

5. **Routine Cardiac Screening:**

• - ECG is often employed as a routine screening tool during general
health check-ups, allowing for the early detection of potential cardiac
issues even in asymptomatic individuals. Early intervention based on
ECG findings can significantly improve outcomes.
ThankThank
you you 👍👍👍