Numerical approach on Vertical Sand Drain

Assam Engineering College

Department of Civil Engineering.

GROUP:2 (M.tech 2nd Sem Geo-Technical Engg)

Presented by -
Arnab Kr Kalita (PG/C/22/02)
Chiranjeeb Bharadwaj (PG/C/22/03)
Dipanjal Das (PG/C/22/04)
Irakdaw Narzary (PG/C/22/05) 1
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION

3-D CONSOLIDATION CONSOLIDATION EQUATION

EXPLAINATION OF FREE-STRAIN & EQUAL-STRAIN CASES

DESIGN PARAMETERS OF VERTICAL SAND DRAIN

STEPS INVOLVE IN DESIGN OF VERTICAL SAND DRAINS

NUMERICALS ON VERTICAL SAND DRAINS

2
01
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

• The slow rate of consolidation in saturated clay of low permeability may

be accelerated by means of vertical drains which shorten the drainage path
within the clay.

• The main application 3-D consolidation is vertical sand drain. where there
is a combination of radial consolidation in horizontal plain and vertical
consolidation .

• It accelerate the rate of drainage in embankment.

4
 INTRODUCTION

EMBANKMENT

MANDREAL

ANCHOR PLATE

BOREHOLES
COMPRESSIBLE
SOFT SOIL TO BE
HARD STRATUM
CONSOLIDATED
 INTRODUCTION

SAND FILL

ANCHOR PLATE

BOREHOLES

HARD STRATUM

6
 INTRODUCTION

RADIAL FLOW

VERTICAL
FLOW

7
02
3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION

8
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION

Three dimensional consolidation

• Tarzaghi’s theory of one dimensional consolidation assumed that the soil is

laterally confined & the consolidation take place in vertical direction only
and the strain associated with it is vertical.

• Practically the surface load causes consolidation in both horizontal

direction as well as in vertical direction and the strain occurs in both
directions .And this form of consolidation is called 3-D consolidation.

9
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION

The Basic 3-D consolidation Equation

Z axis

dx
dy

dz

X axis

Y axis
Parallelopiped

10
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION
 v 
 v z  z dz dx.dy
 z 
 Let, vx , vy , vz be the velocities in x,y,z
directions.
 v 
 v x  x dx dy.dz
 x 
vx dydz  v 
 v y  y dy dx.dz
 y   Volume of water flowing into parallelopiped
per unit time –

Qin = vx dydz + vy dxdz + vz dxdy

 Volume of water flowing out of parallelopiped
vy dxdz vz dxdy per unit time -

 v   v y   v 
Qout   v x  x dx dz.dy   v y  dy dx.dz   v z  z dz dx.dy
 x   y   z 
11
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION

 Volume of water squeezed out of the parallelopiped, per unit time –

V  v x v y v z 
dQ = 
=( Qout - Qin ) =  x    dx.dy.dz ……………1
t  y z 

V  v x v y v z 
.  
 x    dx.dy.dz where, V = Vs(1+e) = dx.dy.dz
t  y z 
Vs = (dx.dy.dz)/1+e

 V  Vs e  dx.dy.dz e …………………………. 2
t t 1  e  t

 From eq 1 = 2, we get,
e  v x v y v z 
 (1  e)
 x   
 ……………….3
t  y z 

12
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION
Z axis 

u u
h=  h 
w  w;
u = excess pore water
SAND LAYER
pressure.
h k u
 v x  k x .i x  k x .  x .
x  w x
CLAY LAYER
h k u
Z  v z  k z .i z  k z .  z .
z  w z

X axis h k y u
 v y  k y .i y  k y .
x
 .
 w y
 Putting values of vx, vy, vz in eq 3 -

e 1  e   2u  2u  2u 
 
 kz  ky  kx 
2  ……………………………4
t  w  z 2
y 2
x 
13
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION
• When pressure increased instantaneously, it is taken up by pore water &
hydrostatic pressure become equal to applied pressure.
• With increase of time water squeezes out and excess hydrostatic pressure
dissipated.
• Now the rate of increase of effective pressure become equal to rate of
decrease of excess pour water pressure .  =  - u
e e e
  = - u   where, = coefficient of compressibility (av)
 ' u  '
e
  av 
u
e e u u
   av
t u t t

e u
  av …………………….. 5
t t

14
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION
u 1  e   2u  2u  2u 
av  
 kz  ky  kx 
2 
t  w  z 2
y 2
x 

u 1 e   2u  2u  2u  av
 Where, coefficient of volume
t

av  w  k z z 2  k y y 2  k x x 2 
 1 e
  change

u 1   2u  2u  2u  k
 Where, coefficient of
t

mv w  k z z 2  k y y 2  k x x 2 
 mv w
Consolidation
 

u   2u  2u  2u  This is the Basic 3-D consolidation


 cv z  cv y  cv x 
2  equation
t  z 2
y 2
x 

Cvx= Coefficient of consolidation in x-direction .

Cvy = Coefficient of consolidation in y-direction
Cvz= Coefficient of consolidation in z-direction
15
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION

The three dimensional equation of consolidation interm of polar

coordinate -

u  2u 1 u 1  2u  2u
  cvr ( 2   2 )  cvz 2
t r r r r  2
z

RADIAL FLOW VERTICAL FLOW

 2u 1 u 1  2u kr
i. Radial flow : cvr ( 2 
r
 2
r r r c 2
) where, Cvr 
vr
mv w

  2u  kz
ii. Vertical flow : cvz  2  where, cvz 
 z  (mv w )
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION

 Carillo (1942) has given the solution for overall degree of consolidation U
under combined radial and vertical direction ,which is expressed as

(1-U) = (1-Ur)(1-Uv)
Where ,
U = average degree of consolidation
Uz = Degree of consolidation of 1-D flow, which can be obtained using the

theory of 1-D consolidation

Ur = Degree of consolidation for radial flow

17
 3-D CONSOLIDATION
EQUATION

 The solution for radial flow was given by Rendulic (1935) by expressed in
the relationship between t and degree of consolidation for radial flow (U r )
by the characteristic Eq.

Ur = F(Tr )
Tr = time factor for radial flow
Cv r t

2R 2
2R = effective dia of soil cylinder from which water
will
flow into the sand drain.
03
FREE & EQUAL STRAIN CASE

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 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

FREE STRAIN EQUAL STRAIN

• If the surcharge applied on the • If the surcharge applied on the

ground is of flexible in nature ground is of rigid in nature
• Distribution of stress is equal • Distribution of stress is unequal
• Settlement is uneven • Settlement is even

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 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

Free strain case

Equal strain case

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 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

 Free-strain consolidation case –

The basic differential Eq for radial drainage is

u  2u 1 u kr
 cvr ( 2  ) where , cvr 
t r r t mv w

where
u = excess pore water pressure

r = radial distance measured from center of drain well

Cvr = coefficient of consolidation in radial direction

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 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

In the case of free strain the boundary conditions are

1.At time t = 0, u=u

2. At time t > 0, u = 0 at r = rw

3. At r = R (du / dr.)=0

Solution for excess pore water pressure u at any time t and at a radial
distance r is

 
 2U 1 ( )U 0 (r / rw )
u  exp( 4 2 2
n Tr )
1 , 2 ..........  [ n U 0 (n)  U 1 ( )]
2 2 2

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 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE
where

R
n
rw
U1 ( )  J1 ( )Y0 ( )  Y1 ( ) J 0 ( )
U 0 (n)  J 0 (n)Y0 ( )  Y0 (n) J 0 ( )
r r r
U0 ( )  J0 ( )Y0 ( )  Y0 ( ) J 0 ( )
rw rw rw

J0 = Bessel function of first kind of zero order

J1= Bessel function of first kind of first order

Y0= Bessel function of second kind of zero order

Y1= Bessel function of second kind of first order

24
 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

 1, 2……= roots of the Bessel function that justify

J1 n Y0    Y1 n J 0    0

Cvr t
2
 Tr = time factor for radial flow = 2R
kh
where, Cvr  Where Kh = permeability in horizontal direction
(mv w )

 
4U12 ( )
u av  ui   exp(4 2 2
n Tr )
1 , 2 ..........  ( n  1)[n U 0 (n)  U 1 ( )]
2 2 2 2 2

25
 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

u av
Ur  1
u0

 Equal strain consolidation case-

 The excess pore water pressure u at any time t and radial distance r is
given by
4u av  r  r 2  rw2
u 2 [ re ln
2
r 
 ]
d e F ( n)  w  2

n2 3n 2  1
F (n)  2 ln(n) 
n 1 4n 2

26
 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

 uav = ui e

Where
 = -8 Tr / F(n)

The average degree of consolidation due to radial drainage is

Ur = 1 - exp -8 Tr / F(n)

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 Fig 3 : Variation of Ur with Tr

Note : For re /rw >5 the free-strain and equal –strain solutions give approximately the
same results for the average degree of consolidation.
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 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

Effect of smear zone on radial consolidation case

• It is formed around the sand drain due to the remoulding of
clay layer during its installation.

• It decreases the co-efficient of permeability in the radial

direction.

The excess water pressure is given by

1 r r 2  rs2 kh n 2  s 2
u u av [ln( )   ( ) ln S ]
m re 2re2 ks n2

29
 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

The average degree of consolidation is given by the relation.

u av   8Tr  Barron (1948)

Ur  1  1  exp 
ui  m 
30
 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE
Where
n2 n 3 s2 kh  n 2  s 2 
m 2 ln     
 
 ln S
n s 2
 s  4 4n
2
ks  n 2

  8Tr 
u av  ui exp 
 m  rs
rw where , s  n= R/rw
rw

Intact zone • kh = coefficient of permeability in

kh
horizontal direction
ks kv
Smear zone • ks = coefficient of permeability in
smear zone
Vertical drain

rs 31
 FREE AND EQUAL
STRAIN CASE

Note-

 values of m are also available in the form of curves for different values
of kh/ks & B & n.

 For no smear zone S = 1.0 and result of equal strain case apply.

 The effect of smear zone is sometimes taken indirectly into account by

reducing the radius of influence R to .5 R.

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04
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF
VERTICAL SAND DRAINS
 DESIGN
PARAMETERS

The typical design parameters for the sand drains

along with its permissible values –

34
 DESIGN
PARAMETERS

35
 DESIGN
PARAMETERS

1. Diameter of sand drain (2r)= 450 to 600 mm

2. Depth of sand drains (H) = 3 to 3.5 m

H

2r

36
 DESIGN
PARAMETERS

1. Spacing between two adjacent

Sand drains (S) = 1.8 to 4.5 m c/c

2. Radius of soil cylinder from which

water will flow into sand drain (R)
= 0.545 S (For square layout )
= 0.525 s (For rectangular layout)

THEORITICAL WELL
DRAINAGE AREA

37
05
DESIGN PROCEDURE OF
VERTICAL SAND DRAINS

38
 DESIGN
PROCEDURE

 When mv is Known  When Cc is known

Sc = Ho mv ’ Sc = Ho Cc log10 o’+
1+eo ’o

39
 DESIGN
PROCEDURE

U = (Settlement at any time / Total settlement) X 100

STEP 3
CALCUALTION OF TIME FACTOR (TV ) BASED ON U
Tv = Cv t/h2

Relationship between Tv and U ( Given by Taylor)

i) Tv = (/4)*U2 when U 60%

ii) Tv = 1.781 - 0.933 log10 (100-U%) 40

 DESIGN
PROCEDURE

41
 DESIGN
PROCEDURE

42
 DESIGN
PROCEDURE

43
06
NUMERICALS ON
VERTICAL SAND DRAINS

44
 NUMERICALS

Example.1- A clay layer of 5 m thick , is consolidated with the help of drain well
of diameter 30 cm and spaced at 2.7 metres centre to centre. Determine the
influence of the wells on the average degree of consolidation at the time when the
degree of consolidation in the clay without wells would be equal to 20 percent.
Make computations under two cases of permeability:
(i) K r = kz or cv = cr (ii) K r= 5kz or cv = 5cr
The wells may be assumed to be arranged in a square pattern.

5m
2.7m
0.3 m
 NUMERICALS
Solution:

Given,
 S = 2.7 m ; H = 5 m
 rw = radius of drain well =15 cm = 0.15 m
 U = 20%

Now, R = 0.564 S = 0.564 x 2.7 = 1.52 m

n = R/rw = 1.52/.15 = 10.15 ≈ 10

 For Uz = 20% ,
Since U  60% ; Tv = (/4) X U2
Tv = (/4) X 0.22 = 0.031

 Tv = Cv*t/H2 ( Time factor in vertical flow )

0.031 = Cv *t/52

t = 0.031*52 / Cv = 0.775 / Cv ……………………. 1

46
 NUMERICALS
The time factor for radial flow at time t is
 Tr = (Cvr/4R2) × t
Substituting the value of t from (1), we get

 Tr = (Cr/4 x 1.522) × 0.775/Cv

= (Cr/Cv) × 0.775 / 9.242 = 0.081 Cr/Cv

(i) Isotripic case : Cvr=Cvz :

 Tr = 0.081 ; n = 10
 From the Tr vs Ur graph
Ur ≈ 34% = 0.34
Now,
 (1-U) = (1- Uz) (1- Ur)
47
= (1-0.2)(1-0.34) = 0.528
 NUMERICALS
 U = 1-0.528 = 0.472
= 47.2 %

Thus, for the isotropic case, the presence of wells increases the degree
of consolidation at time t from 20 to 47.2 percent.

(ii) Anisotropic case: Cr = 5Cv

 Tr = 0.081 Cvr/Cvz = 0.081 × 5 = 0.405

 From the Tr vs Ur graph
Ur = 87% = 0.87

 (1-U) = (1- Us) (1- Ur)

= (1-0.2)(1-0.87) = 0.104
U = 1-0.104 = 0.896
= 89.6 %

Thus, for the anisotropic case, the presence of wells increases the degree
48
of consolidation time t from 20 to 89.6%.
 NUMERICALS

Example 2 -In order to illustrate the effect of the smear let us take the
example of sand drain installations shown in fig. With the following
dimensions:
Radius of drain well (rw) = 50 cm
Radius of smeared zone (rs) = 60cm
Radius of influence (R) = 2.5 m

DRAIN WELL SMEAR ZONE

0.5 m(rw) RADIUS OF
INFLUENCE
0.6 m (rs )

2.5 m (R)

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Solution – NUMERICALS

Kh/k s= 7
n = 2.5/0.5 =5, s=6/5=1.2

Therefore, v=1.97
 This corresponding to f(n) = 1.97 for a well having no smear (s = 1).
Therefore f(n) = 1.97 =(n2/n2-1)loge n-(3n2-1/4n2)
 from which, n = 15
 Therefore , Effective diameter of drain well = 2.5/1.5 = 0.17m

0.17 m (rw)

2.5 m (R)
THANK YOU