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Chapter9: Heat .
Section1: Temperature and thermal
Equilibrium .
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KWL ,
• Create a KWL that shows your knowledge about
thermodynamics .
• How are heat , thermal energy and temperature
different ?
• What are the different scales of temperature ?
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Temperature
• Temperature measures the average kinetic
energy of the particles.
– Average speed is used because all particles do not
have the same speed, and speeds change as the
particles collide.
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• Internal energy is the energy a substance has

due to the motion of the particles (kinetic
energy) and the position of the particles
(potential energy).
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Temperature
• Temperature must be measured when thermal
equilibrium is reached.
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• Always read a thermometer after it has stopped

rising or falling.
– At this point, equilibrium has been reached between
the thermometer and the substance.
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Thermometers

• The expansion of mercury changes the reading in this thermometer.

• How does such a small change in the volume of the mercury (see
circled segments) result in such a large rise inside the
thermometer?
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Thermometers
• Calibration (Fixed numbers on the thermometer)
depends on fixed temperatures.
• Three common temperature scales used:
– Fahrenheit for weather and medicine
– Celsius for work in science
– Kelvin or absolute for many scientific laws
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Comparison of Temperature Scales

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The Absolute Temperature Scale

• What is meant by absolute zero?
– Absolute zero = 0 K
– P = 0 at absolute zero
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Temperature Conversions
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Classroom Practice Problems

• One day it was -40°C at the top of Mont Blanc
and -40°F at the top of Mount Whitney. Which
place was colder?
• What is the Fahrenheit temperature equivalent
to absolute zero?
– Answer: -459.67°F
• What is the Celsius temperature on a hot
summer day when the temperature is 100. °F?
– Answer: 37.8°C
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Chapter9: Heat .
Section2: Defining heat .
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What do you think?

• Internal energy is the energy due to the kinetic

and potential energy of the particles.
– Does the ice water or an equal quantity of hot

chocolate have greater internal energy? Why?

– the water and hot chocolate change over time?

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Internal Energy and Heat

• Internal Energy (U) is the energy contained within the particles of a
substance.
• Heat (Q) is the internal energy transferred between objects.
• Heat has Units of Energy (joules)
– Heat always moves from a higher-temperature object to a
lower-temperature object.
– The rate of transfer depends on the difference in temperature.
• The greater the temperature difference, the greater the rate
of energy transfer (if other factors are equal).
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Internal Energy and Heat

• Which way does heat flow if you place a warm
canned beverage in cold water?
• How does this occur, on a molecular level?
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Heat transfer
• Describe the different ways of thermal energy
transfer. ( 7 minutes ).
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Heat Transfer
• In what three ways can internal energy be transferred
from a hot object to a colder object?
– Conduction is the transfer of heat through a
substance by molecule to molecule contact.
• Metals are good conductors.
• Styrofoam is a good insulator.
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– Convection is the transfer of energy by the movement

of a fluid.
• Hot air in a room rises and cold air moves in to replace it.
– Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic
waves.
• No matter is transferred, only energy.
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Heat and work

• Entry card
• Rub your hands together for 1 minutes
• How are heat and work related ?
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Heat and Work

• Work can be changed into internal energy (U).
– Rub your hands together and you’ll feel the increase
in internal energy produced by your work.
– Pull a nail from a piece of wood and the nail is hot.
• Mechanical energy (PE + KE) is conserved
when there is no friction.
• Total energy, including internal energy, is always
conserved.
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Energy Conservation

• Any loss of one type is balanced by a gain in the other

types of energy.
• Predict the sign (+, -, or 0) for the change in each
quantity when:
– A child slides down a plastic playground slide
– A car applies the brakes to stop on a level road
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Heat
Section3:Change in Temperature
and phase .
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• Describe the factors that determine the amount

of energy lost or gained by an object.
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Specific Heat Capacity

• Specific heat capacity (cp) measures the amount of heat
required to change the temperature by 1°C for 1 kg of a
substance.
– It is different for every substance.

• SI Units: J/kg•°
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• Suppose each metal shown above absorbs 100 J of

energy.
– Which will show the greatest increase in temperature? the least?
– How does water compare to iron with regard to heat capacity?
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Calorimetry
• Calorimetry is a problem-
solving approach to heat
transfer problems.
Conservation of energy
Qgained = -Qlost
• A calorimeter is an insulated
cup with water used for the
experiment.
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Problem solving page 314

• A 0.050 kg metal bolt is heated to an unknown
initial temperature. It is then dropped into a
calorimeter containing 0.15 kg of water with an
initial temperature of 21.0°C. The bolt and the
water then reach a final temperature of 25.0°C.
If the metal has a specific heat capacity of 899
J/kg•°C, find the initial temperature of the metal.
• cm = 899 J/kg •°C cw = 4186 J/kg •°C
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Homework (Check Teams)

• A 25.5 g silver ring (c = 234 J/kg•°C) is heated to
a temperature of 84.0°C and then placed in a
calorimeter containing 5.00 × 10−2 kg of water at
24.0°C. The calorimeter is not perfectly
insulated, however, and 0.140 kJ of energy is
transferred to the surroundings before a final
temperature is reached. What is the final
temperature?
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• Describe the graph below in terms of kinetic and

potential energy ?
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Latent Heat
• Latent heat is heat
gained or lost during
phase changes.
– When substances melt,
freeze, boil, condense,
or sublime, the
temperature does not
change during the
phase change.
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Latent Heat Capacity

• Latent heat capacity (L) is the amount of heat required to
change the state of 1 kg of a substance at constant
temperature.
– It is different for every substance.

• SI Units: J/kg•°
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How much heat energy is required to change 2 kg of ice at 0°C

into water ? [Specific latent heat of fusion of water = 334 000

J/kg]
m = 2kg

Latent heat of fusion of water, L = 334 000 J/kg

Energy needed ,

Q1 = mL

= (2)(334000)
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Starting at 20°C, how much heat is required to heat 0.3 kg of aluminum to its melting point and
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then to convert it all to liquid? [Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900J kg °C ; Specific
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latent heat of aluminium = 321,000 Jkg , Melting point of aluminium = 660°C]

Answer:

m = 0.3kg

Specific latent heat of fusion of aluminium, L = 321 000 J/kg

specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J/(kg K)

Energy needed to increase the temperature from 20°C to 660°C

Q1 = mcθ = (0.3)(900)(660 - 20) = 172,800J

Energy needed to melt 0.3kg of aluminium,

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How much heat must be removed by a refrigerator from 2 kg of water at 70 °C to convert it to

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ice cubes at -11°C? [Specific heat capacity of water = 4200J kg °C ; Specific latent heat of
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fusion of ice = 334,000 Jkg , specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 J/(kg K)]
m = 2kg

Specific latent heat of fusion of water, L = 334,000 J/kg

Specific heat capacity of water, cw = 4,200 J/(kg K)

Specific heat capacity of ice, ci = 2,100 J/(kg K)

Energy to be removed to reduce the temperature from 70°C to 0°C (Freezing point of water)

Q1 = mcθ = (2)(4200)(70 - 0) = 588,000J

Energy needed to freeze 2kg of water,

Q2 = mL = (2)(334,000) = 668,000J
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