Chapter 1: Introduction

Our goal: Overview:

 get “feel” and  what’s the Internet
terminology  what’s a protocol?
 more depth, detail  network edge
later in course  network core
 approach:
 access net, physical media
 use Internet as
 Internet/ISP structure
example
 performance: loss, delay
 protocol layers, service models
 network modeling

Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
 circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History

Introduction 1-2
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC  millions of connected Mobile network
server computing devices: Global ISP
wireless hosts = end systems
laptop
 running network
cellular
handheld apps Home network
Regional ISP
 communication links
access fiber, copper,

points
wired
radio, satellite Institutional network
links  transmission
rate = bandwidth
 routers: forward
router
packets (chunks of
data)
Introduction 1-3
 “Cool” internet appliances

Internet gaming, chatting

Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

Radio Frequency Identification

Internet phones
(RFID)
Introduction 1-4
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
Mobile network
 protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs Global ISP
 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
Ethernet
Home network
 Internet: “network of
networks” Regional ISP
 loosely hierarchical
 public Internet versus Institutional network
private intranet
 Internet standards
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force

Introduction 1-5
What’s the Internet: a service view
 communication infrastructure
enables distributed
applications:
 Web, VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, file sharing
 communication services
provided to apps:
 reliable data delivery from
source to destination
 “best effort” (unreliable)
data delivery
 Provide a comment playground
for everyone

Introduction 1-6
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken protocols define format,
when msgs received, order of msgs sent and
or other events received among network
entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-7
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Introduction 1-8
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
 circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History

Introduction 1-9
A closer look at network structure:
 network edge:
applications and
hosts
 access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
 network core:
 interconnected
routers
 network of networks

Introduction 1-10
 The network edge:
 end systems (hosts):
 run application programs
 e.g. Web, email
 at “edge of network” peer-peer
 client/server model
 client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
client/server
 e.g. Web browser/server;
email client/server
 peer-peer model:
 minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
 e.g. Skype, BitTorrent, Joost
Introduction 1-11
Network edge:
connection-oriented service (TCP)
Goal: data transfer
between end systems
 handshaking: setup
(prepare for) data
transfer ahead of time
 Hello, hello back human
protocol
 set up “state” in two
communicating hosts
 TCP - Transmission
Control Protocol
 Internet’s connection-
oriented service
TCP service [RFC 793]
 reliable, in-order byte-
stream data transfer
 loss: acknowledgements
and retransmissions
 flow control:
 sender won’t overwhelm
receiver
 congestion control:
 senders “slow down sending
rate” when network
congested
Introduction 1-12
Network edge:
connectionless service (UDP)
Goal: data transfer App’s using TCP:
between end systems  HTTP (Web), FTP (file
 same as before! transfer), Telnet/ssh
 UDP - User Datagram (remote login), SMTP
Protocol [RFC 768]: (email)
 connectionless
 unreliable data App’s using UDP:
transfer  streaming media,
 no flow control teleconferencing, DNS,
 no congestion control Internet telephony
 No need to setup

Introduction 1-13
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school,
company)
 mobile access networks

Keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
 shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-14
Residential access: point to point access
 Dialup via modem
 up to 56Kbps direct access to
router (often less)
 Can’t surf and phone at same
time: can’t be “always on”
 DSL: digital subscriber line
 up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps)
 up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps)
 Why asymmetric ? Why not 0 bps for upstream?
 FDM: 50 kHz - 1 MHz for downstream
4 kHz - 50 kHz for upstream
0 kHz - 4 kHz for ordinary telephone

Introduction 1-15
Residential access: cable modems

 HFC: hybrid fiber coaxial cable

 asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2
Mbps upstream
 deployment: available via cable TV companies
 homes in neighborhood share access to router

 Cable modem compared to DSL:

 Pro: Higher bandwidth (30 vs. 8; 2 vs. 1)
 Con: Shared medium with neighbors

Introduction 1-16
Residential access: cable modems

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html Introduction 1-17

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network (simplified)

Introduction 1-18
Cable Network Architecture: Overview

server(s)

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network

Introduction 1-19
Cable Network Architecture: Overview

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network (simplified)

Introduction 1-20
Cable Network Architecture: Overview

FDM (more shortly):

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

cable headend

home
cable distribution
network

Introduction 1-21
Company access: local area networks
 company/univ local area
network (LAN) connects
end system to edge router
 Ethernet:
 10 Mbs, 100Mbps,
1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet
 modern configuration:
end systems connect
into Ethernet switch
 LANs: chapter 5

Introduction 1-22
Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access
network connects end system
to router router
 via base station aka “access
point”
base
 wireless LANs:
station
 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps

 wider-area wireless access

 provided by telco operator
 WAP in Europe, i-mode in Japan
mobile
 3G ~ 384 kbps -- Will it happen??
hosts
 next up (?):
• WiMAX ((31mile, 70Mbps) over
wide area
Introduction 1-23
• 802.11 mesh network?
Home networks
Typical home network components:
 DSL or cable modem
 router/firewall/NAT
 Ethernet
wireless
 wireless access access
point point

wireless
Router/
to/from laptops
firewall
cable
headend cable
modem
Ethernet

Introduction 1-24
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
 Bit: propagates between  two insulated copper
transmitter/rcvr pairs wires
 physical link: what lies  Category 3: traditional
between transmitter & phone wires, 10 Mbps
receiver Ethernet
 guided media:
 Category 5:
100Mbps Ethernet
 signals propagate in solid  Why twisted?
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
 signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-25
Physical Media: coax, fiber
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper  glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 baseband:  10’s-100’s Gps
 single channel on cable  low error rate: immune to
 legacy Ethernet electromagnetic noise
 broadband:  Why lights not go out?
 multiple channels on
cable
 HFC

Introduction 1-26
Physical media: radio
Radio link types:
 signal carried in
 terrestrial microwave
electromagnetic  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

spectrum  LAN (e.g., Wifi)

 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
 no physical “wire”
 wide-area (e.g., cellular)
 bidirectional  3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps

 satellite
 propagation
 Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple
environment effects: smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
 reflection
 geosynchronous versus low altitude
 obstruction by objects
 interference

Introduction 1-27