IE-131 WORKSHOP PRACTICE (1,1)

B.SC. (ENGG.) INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING&

MANAGEMENT
SEMESTER: 1ST SESSION: 2023-27

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MODULE: 03 HAND TOOLS

LECTURE # 07
DATE: 02 - 11 - 2023

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 UNIT OBJECTIVES
After the completion of this module, student should be able to:
 Identify different measuring tools and their usage.
 Select the appropriate tool required for measuring different
objects.
 Mark out work-pieces according to the dimensions given in
engineering drawings.
 Learn the proper use of measuring tool

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LEARNING TOUR
1. Marking tools
2. Measuring devices
3. Measuring instruments
4. Supporting tools
5. Holding tools
6. Striking tools
7. Cutting tools
8. Tightening tools,
9. Miscellaneous tools

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 2. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
 Used to Measure the workpiece.
 Commonly used measuring devices and instruments used in bench and fitting shop are:
(i) Linear measurements
(A) Non-precision instruments (B) Precision instruments
1. Steel rule 1. Micrometers
2. Calipers 2. Vernier calipers
3. Dividers 3. Vernier depth gauges
4. Vernier height gauge
(C) Comparators
(D) Coordinate measuring machines

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2. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
(ii) Angular measurements
(A) Non-precision instruments (iii) Surface measurement
1. Protector 1. Straight edge
2. Engineers square 2. Surface gauge
3. Adjustable bevel
4. Combination set
(B) Precision instruments
1. Bevel protector
2. Angle gauges
3. Sine bar
4. Sprit level

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 2. MEASURING DEVICES
 Used to Measure the workpiece.
 Fillet and radius gauge,
 Screw pitch gauge,
 Dial gauge,
 Feeler gauge,
 Plate gauge
 Wire gauge.

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 MEASURING PROCESS
 The finished product will be no more accurate than the measurements or
the layout; therefore, it is very important to understand how to read, use,
and care for these tools

Metrology & Meteorology?

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 MEASURING CYCLE

Measure to Manage
Manage to Measure

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ACCURACY & PRECISION

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 TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS
Direct : Direct comparison with an established standard e.g. steel rule etc.
Indirect : Indirect measuring system identifies the difference between the object being
measured and a known dimension.
This type of measurements use comparators- those “transfer” instruments
that contact and assess the work piece and then compared with an external
scale which determines the amount of the expressed difference.
Which is the actual dimension of the object. e.g. Calipers
Basic unit conversions
 1 m=100 cm
 1 cm=10 mm
 1 m= 39.37 inch
 1 inch=2.54 cm
 1 inch=25.4 mm

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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
1- Steel Rule
 A steel rule is a direct reading measuring instrument used to read an accuracy
of 0.5mm.
 Available in various lengths, widths and thickness with several graduations.
 Material: They are made from high carbon steel, spring steel, stainless steel
and various alloy steel.
 Rules are made of steel and are either rigid or flexible. In aircraft work, the
unit of measure most commonly used is the inch.
 Divisions: The inch may be divided into smaller parts by means of either
common or decimal fraction divisions.

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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
 1- Steel Rule
 The fractional divisions for an inch are found by dividing the inch into equal parts:
halves (1⁄2), quarters (1⁄4), eighths (1⁄8), sixteenths (1⁄16), thirty-seconds (1⁄32), and
sixty-fourths (1⁄64).
 The fractions of an inch may be expressed in decimals, called decimal equivalents of
an inch; for example, 1⁄8 inch is expressed as 0.0125.
 A rule may be used either as a measuring tool or as a straightedge.

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 PUSH/PULL & FLEXIBLE RULE
 Rules vary in lengths & widths.
 Typically made of flexible steel.
 Flexible rule also called
circumference rule.

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 STEEL RULE IN ACTION

How to Read an Inch Ruler or Tape Measure.mp4

The Steel Rule.mp4

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 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
2- Divider
 It is basically similar to the calipers except that its legs are kept straight and
pointed at the measuring edge.
 This is used for marking circles, arcs laying out perpendicular lines, by setting
lines.
 They are used to scribe circles and arcs and for transferring measurements
from the rule to the work.
 Material: It is made of case hardened mild steel or hardened and tempered
low carbon steel.
 Its size is specified by the length of the leg.

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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
2- Divider

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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
 3- Calipers
 Calipers are used for measuring diameters and distances or for comparing distances
and sizes.
 Types: The three common types of calipers are inside, outside, and hermaphrodite
 Material: It is made of high carbon steel and the measuring points are hardened and
tempered.
 Calipers are mainly classified into Spring type and Firm joint caliper.
 They are indirect measuring tools used to measure or transfer linear dimensions.
 These are used with the help of a steel Rule to check inside and outside measurements.
 While using, the legs of the caliper are set against the surface of the work, whether
inside or outside and the distance between the legs is measured with the help of a scale
and the same can be transferred to another desired place.

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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
 3.1 Outside caliper
 Outside calipers are used for measuring outside dimensions —for example, the
diameter of a piece of round stock.
 They are used to measure the outer dimensions of the shafts, pulleys and square bars
 In the case of outside caliper, the legs are bent inwards

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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
3.1 Outside caliper

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OUTSIDE CALIPER IN ACTION

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 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
3.2 Inside caliper
 Inside calipers have outward curved legs for measuring inside diameters, such as
diameters of holes, the distance between two surfaces, the width of slots, and other
similar jobs.
 They are used to measure the inner dimensions of holes, bores, slots etc.
 In the case of inside caliper, the legs bent outwards.

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 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
3.2 Inside caliper

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INSIDE CALIPER IN ACTION

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INSIDE CALIPER IN ACTION

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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
3.3 Hermaphrodite caliper
 A hermaphrodite caliper is generally used as a marking gauge in layout work.
It should not be used for precision measurement.
 This is also called ‘Jenny Caliper’ or Hermaphrodite.
 This is used for marking parallel liners from a finished edge and also for
locating the center of round bars.
 It has one leg pointed like a divider and the other leg bent like a caliper.

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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS--- NON-PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
3.3 Hermaphrodite caliper

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HERMAPHRODITE CALIPER IN ACTION

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MEASURING FUNNIES

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LINEAR - PRECISION INSTRUMENTS
1. Micrometers
- Manual & Digital
2. Vernier calipers
- Manual & Digital
3. Vernier depth gauges
4. Vernier height

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 1- THE MICROMETER
 The micrometer is a precision measuring instrument, used by engineers. Each
revolution of the ratchet moves the spindle face 0.5mm towards the anvil face.
 The object to be measured is placed between the anvil face and the spindle face. The
ratchet is turned clockwise until the object is ‘trapped’ between these two surfaces and
the ratchet makes a ‘clicking’ noise. This means that the ratchet cannot be tightened
any more and the measurement can be read.
 Micrometers are available in a variety of sizes,. In addition to the micrometers
equipped with electronic digital liquid crystal display (LCD) readouts are also in
common use.

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EXAMPLE MEASURE READINGS
Using the first example seen below:
1. Read the scale on the sleeve. The example clearly shows12 mm divisions.
2. Still reading the scale on the sleeve, a further ½ mm (0.5) measurement can be seen on
the bottom half of the scale. The measurement now reads 12.5mm.
3. Finally, the thimble scale shows 16 full divisions (these are hundredths of a mm).
 The final measurement is 12.5mm + 0.16mm = 12.66

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EXAMPLE MEASURE READINGS

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EXAMPLE MEASURE READINGS

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 CLASS ACTIVITY-
MICROMETER, VERNIER CALIPERS

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EXAMPLE MEASURE READINGS

Digital Micrometer Use from Mitutoyo - How to Use a Micrometer.mp4

How to Read a Metric Micrometer by WeldNotes.com.mp4

How to Read a Vernier Micrometer (how to use a Mitutoyo micrometer)_2.mp4

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BE +VE

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