OPHTHALMOLOGY

Haitham Y. Al-Nashar, MD
Professor of Ophthalmology
Zagazig Faculty of Medicine
 Course Contents

• Introduction to Ophthalmology

• Orbital Infection

• Pre-operative evaluation

• Referred pain to eye

• Eye Disorders related to dental & mouth diseases

• Eye & Dental Diseases

INTRODUCTION TO
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine which

deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye

disorders.
Anatomy of Eye Common Eye Diseases
 Human Eye
• Human eye is a specialized sense organ
capable of receiving visual images, which are
then carried to the brain.
 Anatomy of Eye

• The eye is the organ responsible

for the visual function.

• Its antero-posteior diameter

(axial length) is nearly 24 mm.

• It has three concentric coats

(Inner, Middle, and Outer coats)

and three chambers (Anterior,

posterior and vitreous cavity)

Outer coat:
• It is fibrous in structure and protective in function.
• The transparent cornea forms Its anterior 1/6 & the
opaque sclera forms its posterior 5/6 is with a
transition zone (limbus) in between.
Middle coat:
• It is vascular in structure and nutritive in function
• It is formed from, iris anteriorly, ciliary body in the
middle and choroid posteriorly.
Inner coat (Retina):
• It is neural in structure and sensitive in function
• Its central part is called the macula with the fovea
centralis in its centre.
Anterior chamber:
• It bounded anteriorly by the cornea and posteriorly
by the iris
• It contains aqueous humor (watery fluid) and
bounded peripherally by the angle of the anterior
chamber.
Posterior chamber:
• It lies between iris and lens.
• It contains aqueous humor,
• Anterior & posterior chambers are communicated
through the pupil.
Vitreous:
• It lies between lens and retina.
Ocular Adnexa: consists of

• Conjunctiva: thin mucus membrane that lines both lids

and reflected at the fornix to cover sclera.

• Lacrimal apparatus (lacrimal glands & lacrimal drainage

system)

• Extra ocular muscles (four recti and two oblique muscles).

Orbit:
• It is the bony cavity which contains the eye ball.
 Common Eye Diseases

• Cataract • Errors of refraction

• Glaucoma • Corneal Ulcer
• Ptosis • Conjunctivitis
• Naso-lacrimal Duct • Retinal Detachment
Obstruction • Proptosis
• Squint
 Cataract

• Any opacity on or within

the lens
Treatment
• Cataract extraction (intra-
ocular surgery)
 Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

• It is a bilateral asymmetrical optic neuropathy due

to increased intra-ocular pressure (IOP).
Treatment

The aim of treatment of POAG is controlling IOP

• Medical treatment (topical anti-glaucoma eye
drops)
• Laser Therapy

• Surgical treatment (Trabeculectomy)

 Ptosis
• It is drooping of upper
eyelid (abnormal inferior
displaced position of upper
lid margin in relation to
globe).
Treatment
• Surgical correction
 Naso-lacrimal Duct Obstruction

• Delayed canalization of
nasolacrimal duct leading
to epiphora & matting of
lashes

Treatment
• Massage of lacrimal sac

• Probing of lacrimal system

 Squint

• It is ocular misalignment
(different two visual
axes)
Treatment
• Spectacle (glasses)
• Surgical correction
 Errors of refraction
• Myopia: light rays come
infront of retina
• Hypemetropia: light
rays come behind
retina
• Astigmatism: light rays
form more tan on point
Treatment

• Spectacle (glasses)
• Contact Lenses
• Refractive Surgery (LASIK)
 Corneal Ulcer

• Loss of corneal epithelium with

secondary infection with
bacteria, virus or fungus
Treatment
• Topical antimicrobial agents
 Conjunctivitis

• it is inflammation of
conjunctiva causing redness
and discharge
Treatment
• Topical antibiotic eye drops
 Retinal Detachment
• It is separation of the
neuro-sensory retina
from retinal pigment
epithelium
Treatment
• Surgical treatment
 Proptosis
• It is abnormal protrusion
(displacement) of an eye
Common causes
• Thyroid eye disease

• Orbital infection

• Orbital inflammation

• Orbital tumors
Thank You