PLANNING AND

PROGRAMMIN
G
PLAN- a course of action for reaching goal
beginning now or at a predetermined time in the
future.
PLANNING- the process of anticipating goals or
targets and then preparing a plan for reaching them.
REASONS FOR PLANNING
According to Rex Skidmore, the reason for planning are as
follows:

1. EFFICIENCY
2. EFFECTIVENESS
3. ACCOUNTABILITY
4. MORALE
ESSENTIAL PLANNING ELEMENTS

1. Goal or the WHAT

2. Resources, means, procedures, and methods or the
HOW
3. People involved in achieving the goals or the WHO
4. Methods of evaluation and review; and
5. Conditions under which the plan will be implemented.
PRINCIPAL TYPES OF PLANS

• Substantive
• Procedural

SUBSTANTIVE PLAN- this plan is designed to achieve

program objectives.

PROCEDURAL PLAN- this plan is designed for the

organizational structure within which are embodied the
various administrative mechanisms such as rules, guidelines,
standard operating procedures, reporting requirements, and
the like.
MAJOR TYPES OF PLANNING in any organization is resource planning
which includes:

*Finances
*Facilities
*Equipment
*Supplies
*Personnel
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE PLANNING

It should be based on clearly well-defined objectives or goals.

It should be simple and easily understood
It should be flexible
It should be easily analyzed and classified
It should be able to maximize existing or limited resources such as
funds and personnel.
PLANNING PRINCIPLES (Harleigh Trecker)

1. Planning should grow out of the expressed interest and needs of the persons
who comprise the agency.
2. Those who will be directly affected by the results of planning should have a
share in the making of the plan.
3. Planning must have an adequate factual basis.
4. The most effective plans have come out of a process which combines face to
face methods with more formal methods pf committee work.
5. The planning process must be individualized or particularized because of the
differences in situations.
6. Planning requires professional leadership.
7. Planning requires the efforts of the volunteers, non-
professionals, community leaders as well as volunteers.
8. Planning calls for documentation and full recording so that
results of discussions and deliberations will be preserved to
provide direction and continuity.
9. Planning should make use of existing plans and resources rather
than starting from scratch with every new problem.
10.Planning is dependent upon thinking prior action.
 BASIC PLANNING STEPS (Skidmore)

1. Select objectives – objectives are destination, goals, and targets.

a) Overall and long range
b) Specific and short-range

Skidmore states that social work has also developed a strong interest in Management by Objectives (MBO) must
like the business sector has. According to him, “management by objective is a system approach to improving
operations.

MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES

ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS
INPUTS
( ACTIONS) ( RESULTS)
 Skidmore further says that there are two kinds of goals and objectives:
• Strategic goals
• Operation goals
2. Consider agency resources.
3. Enumerate the alternatives.
4. Anticipate the outcomes of each alternative.
5. Decide on the best plan.
6. Plan a specific program from action.
7. Be open to change.
8. Among the timetable mechanisms being used in social work is the Gantt Chart.
This is used as a planning and control technique.
Skidmore further says that there are two kinds of goals and objectives:

1. Strategic goals
2. Operation goals
3. Consider agency resources.
4. Enumerate the alternatives.
5. Anticipate the outcomes of each alternative.
6. Decide on the best plan.
7. Plan a specific program from action.
8. Be open to change.
 Among the timetable mechanisms being used in social work is the Gantt
Chart. This is used as a planning and control technique.
CASE MANAGEMENT

A method of providing services whereby a professional

social worker assesses the needs of the client and the
client’s family and when appropriate, arranges,
coordinates, monitors, evaluates, and advocates a
package of multiple services to meet the specific client’s
complex needs.
“Practice Key Skills” Significant to Case Management (Vourlekis and
Greene)

1. Client identification and outreach.

2. Individual and family assessment and diagnosis.
3. Planning and resource identification.
4. Linking clients to needed resources.
5. Service implementation and coordination.
6. Monitoring service delivery.
7. Advocacy to obtain services.
8. Evaluation.
 Program/ Project Planning and Proposal Writing (Heruender)

1. The project must be a reflection of the background work already done

and logically set out.
2. Use clear, concise, and simple language in the proposal which says
exactly what is meant.
3. Use appendices to avoid crowding the body of the proposal and
disturbing the flow of the narrative.
4. Tailor your request and presentation to the agency being approached.
5. Express a willingness to be interviewed personally by the funding
agency once they have received and read your proposal request.
6. Do not be discouraged if your proposal is not accepted.
7. Find out in advance what sources of funding are available through
government, international agencies, or private foundations.
8. Reflect in the proposal he degree of local initiative, the utilization of
Venus
available resources within one’s agency or country, and the plans for the
project to be self-supporting once the initial funding has been spent.
9. The project should be practical, not too costly, and must have the
potential to be repeated or replicated in other situations.
10.Show to what extent your project supports and supplements existing
activities and is designed to overcome identified needs.
Proposal Format
1. Title page
a) Title of the project
b) Name of person applying for funds
c) Name of organization sponsoring the proposal
d) Length and date of the project
2. Proposal summary – abstract or synopsis
3. Introduction and background development situation
4. Problem statement or assessment of need
5. Program/project goal/objectives and beneficiaries
6. Program/project description and methods
7. Evaluation
8. Budget
a) Space cost – the actual rent, and those being donated for use and also cost of maintenance
services and renovations
b) Rental, lease or purchase of equipment – all the equipment, donated, or to be purchased, that
will be used in the program
c) Consumable supplies – supplies and materials
d) Travel and per diem – local and out of town travel costs
e) Other costs – postage, insurance, professional association’s dues, subscriptions, publication,
and other items that do not logically fit elsewhere
f) Indirect costs- these cover management fee for bookkeeping, payrolls, maintenance, and
overseeing the project
9. Schedule – this section should include the Gantt Chart, which answers the questions of when the
activities in the project description will be carried out as well as the sequence of the activities.
10.Future Funding /Sustainability
 Hungate defines a program as a unit of planned purposive
action.
 Programming is the process of preparing or setting up the
program involving a specific period of time of services.