Measurement & Data

Collection concepts
Swetha P Naik
DBIMSCA
Research Approaches
• A research approach is the procedure selected by the researcher to
collect, analyze, and interpret data. There are three approaches to
research
Type

Qualitative Quantitative Mixed

Interview Survey

Focus group Experiments

Data

• Derived from the Latin word “DATUM”

• Data is a collection of raw, unorganised and unrefined facts like text, observations, symbols of things
etc., that does not carry any specific purpose or significance.

• It is a collection of facts and figures to be used for a specific purpose such as a survey or analysis.
When arranged in an organized form, can be called information.

Data Processing Information

Data collection methods

Data
collection

Primary Secondary
Data Data
Methods to collect Primary Data
Primary
Data

Questionnaire Interview Observation survey

Un Structured
Open – end
questions
Structured observation Mail
Interview

Closed Structured Unstructured

questions Interview Observation: Telephonic

Pictorial Focused Participant Personal

Questions Interview Observation
Interview

Dichotomous Telephone Non-participant Social

questions Interview Observation
Media
Disguised &
Multiple choice Undisguised
questions Email
observation

Online
Sampling - concepts

• Population

• Sampling frame

• Sampling technique

• Sample size

• Sample unit
Sampling techniques
Types of Sample
Design

1.Probability 2. Non Probability

Sampling Sampling

1.1.Simple random 1.2.Simple Random

2.1. Convenience 2.2. Judgmental or
Sampling with Sampling without
Sampling Purposive Sampling
replacement replacement

1.3. Systematic 1.4. Stratified 2.3.Snowball 2.4. Quota

Sampling Sampling sampling Sampling

1.5. Cluster
sampling
Criteria for a good sampling

Accurate &
Goal oriented representative Proportional
of universe

Actual
Random
Practical Information
selection
provider
Sample Designing Process
Measurement Techniques
Measurement : Measurement is the process of observing and
recording the observations that are collected as part of a research
effort.
The assignment of numbers to objects to represent amounts or
degrees of a property possessed by all of the objects.
1. Nominal scale

• Nominal scale deals with the non-numeric data that is with the categorical data
• It is a system of assigning number to the variable to label them only for identification and to
distinguish them from each other. Example: Car-1, Buses-2
• It is a measure that simply divides objects or events into categories
• It is considered as the weakest tool of the measurement.
• It shows the quality of data.
• Here, categories are designated with names or numerals but ordering of categories is
meaningless i.e. there is no order
• Examples: Gender, race, color preference, etc.
1.1 Properties of nominal scale are:
• Mutually exclusive
• Categories are distinct and homogeneous
• They cannot be measured or ordered but can be counted
• Data can reflect that they are different from each other but cannot be ordered as smaller or
greater.
2. Ordinal Scale

• It is system that ranks the value or data in order

• Here a variable is categorized in different subgroups in ascending or descending order.
• A measure that divides objects or events into categories and arrange them in order of magnitude to
provide ordered categories with unequal interval size.
• Used to interpret the relative positions.

Characteristics of ordinal scale:

• It displays from highest to lowest by different measurement points
• Mutually exclusive
• Categories are distinct and homogeneous
• They cannot be measured but can be counted and ordered/ranked
• Data can express that one is different from another and one is greater or smaller than the other.
However, data cannot say that one is ‘X’ units or ‘X’times greater or smaller than the other.

• Examples: Academic performance: School-1, College-2, Bachelor-3, Masters-

• 3. Interval Scale

• Interval scale is a system of assigning number to the variable to label

them for identification and ranking based on a scale having equal
interval size with arbitrary zero.
• Here, zero is arbitrary that allows measurement on either side of zero.
• Here, a variable is categorized in different subgroups in ascending or
descending order and intervals between the successive categories are
equal and constant.
Properties of interval scale:
• Mutually exclusive.
• Categories are distinct and homogeneous.
• Can be measured and ranked/ordered.
• 4. Ratio scale
• Ratio scale is a system of assigning number to the variable to
label them for identification and ranking based on a scale
having equal interval size with absolute zero that allows
measurement on only one side of zero.
• It is a top level of the measurement
• Here, a variable is categorized in different subgroups in
ascending or descending order and intervals between the
successive categories are equal and constant.
• Same as the interval scale except zero has the true value i.e.
zero represent the absolute value
• All the mathematical operations are applicable in this scale.
 Content Validity

Validity Criterion validity

Convergent
validity
Construct Validity
Discriminant
validity
Criteria for a
Test – Retest
good
reliability
measurement

Equivalent form
Reliability
reliability

Internal
Practicality consistency
reliability