The early

socities
1. By about 24 mya, there emerged a subgroup amongst primates
called hominoids
2. While hominids have evolved from hominoids. There’s are some
differences between them too.
3. Hominoids have a smaller brain than hominids. They are
quadrupeds, walking on all four, but with flexible forelimbs.
4. Hominids, by contrast have an upright posture and bipedal
locomotion.
5. Two lines of evidence suggest an African origin for hominids.
. It is the group of African apes that are most closely related to
jkhhominids .

. The earliest hominid fossils, which belong to the genus

hhAustralopithecus .

6. Hominids are further divided in genus, of which

koiiiAustralopithecus and Homo are important.

k7. The major differences between the two of them is brain size,
jjjjjjaw and teeth.
1. Early humans would have obtained food by a number of
ways such as hunting, gathering, scavenging and fishing.
2. Gathering would involve collecting plant food such as
seeds, nuts, berries, fruits and tubers.
3. That gathering was practiced is generally assumed rather
than conclusively established, as there is very little
evidence for it.
4. While there is a fair amount of fossil bones, fossiled
plants are relatively rare.
5. The only other way getting information about plant
intake would be if plant remains were accidently burnt.
6. The process results in carbonization. In this, organic
matter is preserved for a long span of time.
7. In recent years, the term hunting has been under
discussion by scholars. It’s being suggested that the early
hominids scavenged or forged for meat and marrow from
the carcasses of animals that had died naturally or had
been killed by other predators.
1. The earliest evidence for the making and use of stone
tools comes from sites in Kenya and Ethiopia.
2. It’s likely that the earliest tool makers were the
Australopithecus.
3. As in the case of other activities, we do not know
whether tool making was done by both men and
women or both.
4. It is possible that stone tool makers were both
women and men.
5. Women in particular may have made and used tools
to obtain food for themselves as well as for their
children.
6. About 35,000 years ago, improvements in the
techniques for killing animals are evident from the
appearance of new kinds of tools such as bow, arrow,
etc.
7. The meat thus obtained was probably processed by
removing the bones, followed by drying, smoking and
storage. Thus, food could be stored for later
consumption.
1. All societies have languages in which certain spoken sounds
convey certain meanings. This is verbal communication
2. The first Mesopotamian tablets, written around 3200 BCE,
contained pictures-like signs and numbers
3. These were about 5,000 lists of oxen fish, bread loaves, etc
4. Writing began when society needed to keep records of
transactions because in city life transaction occurred at
different times, and involved many people and a variety of
goods.
5. Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would wet
clay and pat it into a size he could comfortably in one hand.
He would carefully smoothen its surfaces.
6. Once dried in the sun, the clay would harden and tablets
would be almost as indestructiable as pottery.
7. Once the surface dried , signs could not be pressed on to a
tablet: so each transaction required a separate written
tablet.
Thank
you
jkn