Functional English

BS-CS-1ST
PREPARED BY
AFZALA YASEEN
 What Is an Adverb? Definition

An adverb is a word that can modify or describe a

verb, adjective, another adverb, or entire sentence.
Adverbs can be used to show manner (how
something happens), degree (to what extent), place
(where), and time (when).
Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to the end
of an adjective (e.g., “quick” becomes “quickly”),
although there are also other adverbs that don’t have
this ending. There are also adverbial phrases, series
of words that play the grammatical role of adverbs.
 Examples of Adverbs

Examples:
Ali walked quickly.
Marie never answers her phone.
It is an incredibly exciting film.
Actually, I’m not sure.
 Use of adverbs in sentences

Adverbs provide context in a sentence by

describing how, when, where, and to what
extent something occurs. Adverbs can be used to
modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs.
Examples:
Baby walked slowly.
Hasan is extremely talented.
He started playing golf quite recently.
 Sentence adverbs

Adverbs can also be used to modify entire sentences

by expressing a viewpoint or making an evaluation.
These adverbs (called sentence adverbs) are
typically set off with commas.
Examples:
Luckily, the fire department responded
immediately.
Fatima can’t attend the party, unfortunately.
 Adverbs vs. adjectives

While adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs,

and entire sentences, adjectives can only modify
nouns and pronouns (e.g., “the red door”).
Adverbs are often formed by adding “-ly” to the end
of an adjective. However, adverbs can also be formed
from adjectives in other ways, depending on the
ending.
 Example

happy; happily
able; ably
energetic; energetically
Some adverbs use the same form as their
corresponding adjectives. These are known as flat
adverbs (e.g., “straight,” “fast,” “early”).
If you’re unsure whether a word is being used as an
adverb or an adjective, look at the word that it’s
modifying. If it’s modifying a noun or a pronoun, it’s
an adjective. If it’s modifying anything else, it’s an
adverb.
For example, in the sentence “Don’t drive fast,” the
word “fast” is an adverb because it’s modifying the
verb “drive.”
In the phrase “a fast car,” the word “fast” is an
adjective because it’s describing the noun “car.”
 Adverbs of manner

An adverb of manner describes how an action is

performed or how something happens. In most
cases, adverbs of manner occur after the main verb.
Examples:
Hamza read quietly.
Mishal laughed loudly.
 Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree are used to qualify verbs,

adjectives, or adverbs by expressing extent or degree.
Some common adverbs of degree include:
“extremely,” “absolutely,” “slightly,” “quite,” and
“enough.”
Examples:
The medication had slightly positive effect.
I’ll be ready soon; I’m almost finished.
 Adverbs of place

An adverb of place provides information about the

location of an action (e.g., position, distance, and
direction). Adverbs of place typically occur after the
main verb of a sentence.
Examples:
Go downstairs and open the door.
Sand was thrown everywhere.
Come here!
 Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time (e.g., “yesterday,” “today,”

“tomorrow”) describe when something happens.
They are typically placed at the end of a sentence.
Examples:
I have to run, but I’ll see you tomorrow.
Asif has a dentist appointment, so he will be late for
school today.
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Adverbs of duration (e.g., “temporarily,”

“forever,” “shortly”) are slightly different; they
describe the length of time something happens for.
Examples:
"‘Do you like cricket?’ ‘I do not,’ she said shortly"
I played football briefly, but I didn’t enjoy it.
 Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency describe how often

something happens. They can be divided into two
categories based on how specific they are.
Adverbs of indefinite frequency (e.g., “always,”
“sometimes,” “never”) give an idea of how often
something occurs, but they don’t give an exact
timeframe. Adverbs of indefinite frequency are
usually placed before the main verb.
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Examples:
Amna always works on Saturdays.
Samia never washes the dishes.
Adverbs of definite frequency (e.g., “hourly,”
“daily,” “weekly”) give a more precise description of
how often something happens. They typically occur
at the end of a sentence.
Examples:
I check my email hourly.
We visit France yearly.
 Adverbs of purpose

Adverbs of purpose (also called adverbs of

reason) help to explain why something is the case.
Examples:
The company made a huge profit; therefore, the
employees were given raises.
Since you’re busy, I’ll call back later.
 Other types of adverbs

There are a few additional types of adverbs that are

worth considering:
Conjunctive adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Relative adverbs
 Conjunctive adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs (also called linking

adverbs) connect two independent clauses by
turning the second clause into an adverbial modifier
of the first. They can be used as transition words to
introduce consequence, condition, comparison,
contrast, and clarification.
Examples:
wedding is scheduled for tomorrow. However, we no
longer have a caterer.
Ahmad’s funding application was denied; therefore,
she can not continue her research.
 Interrogative adverbs

The interrogative adverbs “when,” “where,”

“why,” and “how” are used to introduce a question.
Examples: Interrogative adverbs in a
sentenceWhen do you want to go shopping?
Where did you get that doughnut?
 Relative adverbs

The relative adverbs “where,” “when,” and “why”

are used to introduce dependent or relative clauses
(i.e., clauses that contain a subject and verb but do
not express a complete thought).
Examples: Relative adverbs in a sentenceThis is the
city where the soldiers were stationed.
That was the moment when I first noticed him.
Thank You