More Metabolic Pathways

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
- an alternative way of converting one glucose to two pyruvates
- requires only 1 ATP per glucose to get the reactions started
- yields a profit of 1 ATP per glucose to 2 pyruvates
Gluconeogenesis
- reverse of glycolysis, synthesis of sugar from pyruvate
- requires input of 6 ATPs to convert two pyruvates to one glucose
- many of the reactions are just reversed glycolysis reactions
- two of the irreversible glycolysis reactions are bypassed
Pentose-phosphate Pathway
Synthesis of amino acids from glycolysis & Krebs cycle intermediates
Synthesis of glycolysis & Krebs cycle intermediates from amino acids
Synthesis and Degradation of Fatty Acids
Alcohol Metabolism
Gluconeogenesis
genesis =
to make
neo =
new
gluco =
sugar
To make
one glucose
molecule
from two
molecules
of pyruvate
requires
the energy
from six ATPs.
 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway

The pentose phosphate pathway is another way glucose can be

broken down to carbon dioxide but it has the added advantage of
making 5-carbon sugars that are needed for nucleotide synthesis.
pent = five -ose = sugar
 Lipid Metabolism
Fatty Acid Synthesis and Degradation
Fatty Acids  Acetyl CoA (beta-oxidation)
Acetyl Co A  Fatty Acids (fatty acid synthesis)

Beta-oxidation
of fatty acids

see page 142 of

the Bauman Text
 Additional Metabolic Pathways
The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway is:
A. Synthesis of sugars from smaller metabolic
intermediates such as pyruvate or oxaloacetic acid
B. An alternative path for converting glucose to pyruvate
C. A pathway that involves breaking glucose down to
carbon dioxide with the involvement of 5-carbon sugars
D. A series of reactions that results in the breakdown of
a large fatty acid to form molecules of Acetyl-CoA
 Additional Metabolic Pathways
The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway is:
A. Synthesis of sugars from smaller metabolic
intermediates such as pyruvate or oxaloacetic acid
(gluconeogenesis)
B. An alternative path for converting glucose to pyruvate
C. A pathway that involves breaking glucose down to
carbon dioxide with the involvement of 5-carbon sugars
(pentose phosphate pathway)
D. A series of reactions that results in the breakdown of
a large fatty acid to form molecules of Acetyl-CoA
(beta-oxidation)
 The 20 Amino Acids Commonly
Found in Proteins
 Links
Between
Carbohydrate
and
Amino Acid
Metabolism
 3-Phosphoglycerate  Serine
HOOC-CHOH-CH2OPO32- HOOC-CHNH2-CH2OH
1 2 3 1 2 3

Pyruvate  Alanine
HOOC-CO-CH3 HOOC-CHNH2-CH3
1 2 3 1 2 3

Alpha-keto glutarate  Glutamic Acid

HOOC-CO-CH2-CH2-COOH HOOC-CHNH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Oxaloacetic Acid  Aspartic Acid

HOOC-CO-CH2-COOH HOOC-CHNH2-CH2-COOH
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Also: see figure 5.30 on page 150 of the text.
Amination: an amino group gets
added to an organic compound

Deamination: an amino group is

removed from an organic compound

Transamination: an amino group is

moved from one organic compound
to another organic compound
Glutamic Acid (AKA glutamate) can be made from the 5-C Krebs
cycle intermediate alpha-keto-glutarate by an amination reaction.
This reaction is reversible, -keto-glutarate can be made from
glutamic acid by a deamination reaction.
 OTHER AMINO ACIDS ARE MADE BY
TRANSAMINATION REACTIONS
Aspartic acid can be made from the 4-C Krebs cycle
intermediate oxaloacetic acid by a transamination reaction
where the amino group from glutamic acid is transferred to OAA.

Alanine can be made from pyruvate by a similar transamination.

Serine can be made from the 3-C glycolysis intermediate

3-phosphoglycerate in three steps, one of them a transamination.

These reactions are reversible. This is how glycolysis and

Krebs cycle intermediates can be made from amino acids.
Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Serine and
Alanine can be used as starting material to
make other amino acids.
 Amino Acid Biosynthesis
What amino acid can be made in one step
from the Krebs cycle intermediate
oxaloacetic acid?

A. Alanine B. Serine
C. Cysteine D. Glutamic Acid
E. Aspartic Acid
 Amino Acid Biosynthesis
What amino acid can be made in one step
from the Krebs cycle intermediate
oxaloacetic acid?

A. Alanine B. Serine
C. Cysteine D. Glutamic Acid
E. Aspartic Acid