About Me

 PhD (Computer Application Technologies) from Jiangsu University

China in 2019.
 BS & MS Engineering: University of Engineering and Technology,
(UET) Peshawar Pakistan
 Area of expertise; Computer Networks, Wireless Networks, Network
and Information Security, Social Networks.
 Experience Academic + Professional (5 years) still going good and many more to add IA.

• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad_Sohail79
• https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=dtQ-8ucAAAAJ&hl=en
• https://www.linkedin.com/in/muhammad-sohail-ab606b37/
• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7234-8108
Course Handouts
Course Description:

Introduction to computer networks and the Internet. Protocol layers and the OSI model. Physical layer different
wired and wireless communication medium with topologies. Signal Transmission using Analog and Digital
Communication. Link layer: error detection and correction, MAC addressing, switches, ARP, Ethernet, PPP, local
area networks and wide area networks. Network layer: IP addressing routers, IP protocols and routing algorithms.
Transport layer: UDP, TCP and congestion control. Application layer: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, DNS and peer-to-
peer applications.

Course Objectives

This is a compulsory course for computer software engineers. The goal of this course is to introduce the basics
computer networks & communication with protocols. Students will learn their fundamental layered structure,
understand common offered layered services during Computer networks communication, and examine protocols
and algorithms used to operate the network.

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Marks Distribution

 Assignment
 Quizes
 CEP
 Mids
 Finals

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Do’s & DONT’s

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Computer Network

Before looking inside a computer

network, first agree on what a
computer network is

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What is a Computer Network

 A computer network is a set of computers

sharing resources located on or provided by
network nodes/edges. The computers use
common communication protocols over
digital interconnections to communicate with
each other. Wikipedia

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Computer network ?
Specialized to
handle:
 Set of serial lines to attach
terminals to mainframe ? Keystrokes
 Telephone network carrying
voice traffic ? Voice
 Cable network to disseminate
video signals ? Video

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What distinguishes a
Computer network ?
 Built from general purpose
programmable hardware
 Supports wide range of applications
 Supports no of connecting devices/End
Users
 Most imp they have computing power
and resources to share

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Information, Computers, Networks

 Computer Uses 0 and 1’s to transfer data

(Information/message from one end to another end)
 Computers can “manipulate” information
 Networks create “access points” to receive information

 Q: How Information is changed/transmitted from your PC

to Modem

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Analog Vs Digital Data

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What is “Connectivity” ?

Connectivityis the magic needed to communicate if

you do not have a direct pt-pt physical link.
 Tradeoff: Performance characteristics worse than true physical
link!

 WIFI OR WIRED Yours Take?

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Building Blocks

 Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware…

 hosts
 switches

 Links: coax cable, optical fiber…

 point-to-point

…
 multiple access

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Why not connect each node
with every other node ?
 Number of wires coming out of each
node becomes unmanageable
 Quantity of physical hardware/devices
required becomes very expensive
 Solution: indirect connectivity using
intermediate data forwarding nodes

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Switching Strategies
 Circuit switching: • Packet switching store-
carry bit streams and-forward messages
a. establishes a dedicated a. operates on discrete
circuit blocks of data
b. links reserved for use
by communication
b. utilizes resources
channel according to traffic
demand
c. send/receive bit stream
at constant rate c. send/receive messages
d. example: original at variable rate
telephone network d. example: Internet

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Network
 A network can be defined recursively as...

 two or more nodes

connected by a link
 white nodes
(switches/routers)
implement the
network
 colored nodes (hosts)
use the network

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Networks
 Potential of networking:
 Move stream of bits everywhere, cheaply, and with desired
performance characteristics
 Network provides “connectivity” through Internet it make
global hub.

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Network of Networks
 A network can be defined recursively as...
 two or more networks
connected by one or more
nodes: internetworks
 white nodes (router or
gateway) interconnects
the networks
 a cloud denotes “any
type of independent
network”

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What next ?

 Hosts are directly or indirectly connected to

each other
 Can we now provide host-host connectivity ?
 Nodes must be able to say which host it
wants to communicate with.

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Addressing and Routing

 Address: byte-string that identifies a node

 usually unique IP:192.168.10.1
 Routing: forwarding decisions
 process of determining how to forward messages
to the destination node based on its address
 Types of addresses
 unicast: node-specific
 broadcast: all nodes on the network
 multicast: some subset of nodes on the network

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Wrap-up

 A network can be constructed from

nesting of networks

 An address is required for each node

that is reachable on the network

 Address is used to route messages

toward appropriate destination

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What next ?

 Hosts know how to reach other hosts on

the network.
 How should a node use the network for
its communication ?
 All pairs of hosts should have the ability
to exchange messages: cost-effective
resource sharing for efficiency.

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What Goes Wrong in the Network?

Reliability at stake

 Bit-level errors (electrical interference)

 Packet-level errors (congestion)
 distinction between lost and late packet
 Link and node failures
 distinction between failed and slow node

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What Goes Undesirable in the
Network?
Required performance at stake

 Messages are delayed

 Messages are delivered out-of-order
 Third parties interference malicious act

 The challenge is to fill the gap between

application expectations and hardware
capabilities
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Research areas in Networking

 Routing
 Security
 Ad-hoc networks
 Wireless sensor networks
 Protocols
 Quality of Service
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3c1ih2NJEg
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JZG9x_VOwA

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Readings
 Chapter 1 Introduction
 Computer Networks, TanenBaum

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