MUIZ-UN-NISA

BS BOTANY SS
BOTN51F21S045
Diversity of vascular
plants
Comparative Analysis
of Angiosperms and
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm
"Understanding the
Distinctions in Seed Plants

Angiosperm
Introduction:

Seed plants are divided into two major groups:

gymnosperms and angiosperms. While both are
characterized by the presence of seeds, these two
groups exhibit distinct features in terms of
reproductive structures, life cycles, and ecological
adaptations
 GYMNOSPERM

Gymnosperms: The term

"gymnosperm" means "naked
seed." Gymnosperms produce
seeds that are not enclosed within
a fruit. Instead, they are often
found on the surface of cones or
other structures.
ANGIOSPERM

Angiosperms: The term

"angiosperm" means
"enclosed seed."
Angiosperms produce
seeds that are enclosed
within a protective
structure called a fruit.
 Reproductive Structures:

Gymnosperms: Angiosperms:

Gymnosperms produce "naked Angiosperms produce seeds

seeds" that are not enclosed enclosed within a fruit, which
develops from the ovary after
within a fruit fertilization

Cones are the reproductive Flowers are the reproductive

structures, with male cones structures, with male parts
(stamens) producing pollen and
producing pollen and female female parts (carpels) containing
cones housing ovules ovules

Pollination often occurs Pollination occurs through various

through the wind agents, including wind, insects,
birds, and animals
 Seeds and Fruits

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

• Seeds are exposed on the • Seeds are enclosed within a protective fruit
surface of cone scales • Exhibit a wide diversity of fruits, including fleshy fruits, dry
• Lack true fruits fruits, and berries
 Leaf Structure

Gymnosperms:
 Needle-like or scale-like leaves.
 Often adapted to withstand harsh
environmental conditions, such as
cold temperatures and low water
availability.

Angiosperms:
 Diverse leaf shapes and structures.
 Adaptations vary based on ecological
niches, with leaves optimized for
photosynthesis, water retention, or other
specific functions
Life Cycle:
 Gymnosperms:
 Typically have a longer life cycle, with the
dominant stage being the sporophyte.
 The gametophyte generation is reduced and
dependent on the sporophyte.
 Angiosperms:
 Exhibit a shorter life cycle, with the dominant
stage being the sporophyte.
The gametophyte generation is highly reduced,
often confined to the reproductive structures (pollen
grains and embryo sacs).
 Habitat and Diversity

 Gymnosperms:
 Commonly found in colder climates,
such as coniferous forests.
 Include well-known species like pine,
spruce, and fir trees.
 Angiosperms:
 Occupy diverse habitats ranging from
tropical rainforests to arid deserts.
Represent the majority of plant species on
Earth, showcasing unparalleled diversity
Conclusion: Gymnosperms and
angiosperms, though both classified as
seed plants, exhibit significant differences in
their reproductive structures, seed and fruit
characteristics, leaf morphology, life cycles,
and ecological adaptations. Understanding
these distinctions provides insights into the
evolution and ecological roles of these two
essential groups of plants, contributing to
our broader comprehension of plant
biology and biodiversity.
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