Unit 1

COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

Human Development
Unit 1. Biological basis of human development

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Contents
1. Nervous tissue: Neurons and synapse
1.1 Neuron. Definition and components
1.2 Synapse. Process
2. Anatomy of the nervous system
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

2.1 Central nervous system (encephalon and spinal cord)

2.2 Peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves)
2.2.1 Somatic nervous system
2.2.2 Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and
parasympathetic)

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Nervous system

The nervous system is one of the most important and complex

systems in the human body. Its main function is to process both
external and internal stimuli and to coordinate the conduct or
behaviour
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

PNS
CNS Responsible for
It acts as a establishing the
regulator of relationship of the
the organism organism with the
outside world s

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N

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Nervous tissue: Neuron and synapse
The neuron. Components
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

The body cell / soma: the core of the neuron, similar to a cell that contains the nucleus
and all other cellular organelles. It supports and organizes the functions of the whole
neuron.
Dendrites: small extensions that emerge from the body or soma and receive nerve
impulses from other adjacent neurons
Axon: axons run from the cell body of one neuron until the terminal of the next neuron

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Nervous tissue: Neuron and synapse
The neuron. Synapse
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

Central nervous system

COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44B0ms3XPKU

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system
CNS. Encephalon and spinal cord
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

CNS. Encephalon_Cerebrum_2 hemispheres_Four lobes in each hemisphere

COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

CNS. Encephalon_Cerebrum_2 hemispheres_Four lobes in each hemisphere

COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

CNS. Encephalon_Brainstem
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

CNS. Cerebellum
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

CNS. Spinal cord

Spinal cord is a long cylindrical structure of nervous

tissue protected by the spinal column. It communicates
the brain with the body.
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

ENCEPHALON

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

PNS. Cranial nerves

Cranial nerves

They are the nerves that

emerge directly from
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

the brain, of which there are

conventionally considered
twelve pairs.

Cranial nerves relay

information between the
brain and parts of the body,
primarily to and from regions
of the head and neck,
including the special
senses of vision,
taste, smell, and hearing.

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system
PNS. Spinal nerves Spinal nerves

They are nerves that emerge from spinal

cord.
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which

carries motor, sensory, and autonomic
signals between the spinal cord and the
body.

In the human body there are 31 pairs of

spinal nerves, one on each side of the
vertebral column. This total of 31 pairs of
spinal nerves control motor, sensory, and
other functions.

These nerves are located at the cervical,

thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx levels.

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

PNS. Somatic nervous system

COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

ENCEPHALON

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

PNS. Somatic nervous system

The primary function of the

COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

somatic nervous system is to

connect the central nervous
system to the body's muscles to
control voluntary movements and
reflex arcs

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

PNS. Autonomic nervous system

COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

ENCEPHALO
N

Unit1. Biological basis of human development

 Anatomy of nervous system

PNS. Autonomic nervous system

Also known as the involuntary The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
nervous system. systems work together to maintain normal body
function. Each system remains active in the
Without conscious direction, the body and helps counteract the actions of the
autonomic nervous system other.
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

regulates important bodily

functions such as heart rate, blood
pressure, pupil dilation, body
temperature, sweating and
digestion.

The neurons control these

different physical reactions by
directing the action of skeletal
muscle, cardiac muscle and gland
secretion.

The system allows human beings

to make quick internal adjustments
and react without having to think
about it. Unit1. Biological basis of human development
 Anatomy of nervous system

PNS. Autonomic nervous system_ Sympathetic system

The sympathetic nervous system

directs the body's rapid involuntary
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

response to dangerous or stressful

situations.

A flash flood of hormones boosts the

body's alertness and heart rate, The fight-or-flight response
sending extra blood to the muscles.
Breathing quickens, delivering fresh
oxygen to the brain, and an infusion
of glucose is shot into the
bloodstream for a quick energy
boost.

This response occurs so quickly that

people often don't realize it's taken
place. Unit1. Biological basis of human development
 Anatomy of nervous system

PNS. Autonomic nervous system_Parasympathetic system

The sympathetic nervous system

doesn't de-stress the body once the
COGNITIVE AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT. FIRST TEM

danger has passed.

Another component of the autonomic

nervous system, the parasympathetic
nervous system, works to calm the
body down.

To counter the fight-or-flight response,

this system encourages the body to
"rest and digest." Blood pressure,
breathing rate and hormone flow return
to normal levels as the body settles
into homeostasis, or equilibrium, once
more.
Unit1. Biological basis of human development