Yarn Preparatory Process

Fiber Fineness
• For cotton: Fibre fineness can be defined in micronaire (μg/inch)
which measures units of mass (micrograms or μg) per unit of length
(inches) to assess linear density.
• The Fiber Fineness determines how many fibers are present in the
cross-section of a yarn of given thickness.
• Minimum thirty fibers are needed in the yarn cross-section but there
are usually hundred.
Effect of fiber fineness on yarn quality
• Fibre fineness affects yarn strength. It gives number of fibres in
the cross-section of yarn.
• Better the fineness of cotton, more would be the number of
fibres per cross-section resulting in higher yarn strength
• Yarn surface area
• Yarn Porosity
Staple length
Effect of fiber length on yarn quality
• Stronger yarn
• Can produce more finer yarns
• Low hairiness: The longer fibres give smoother yarns because there
are fewer ends to protrude
• Others?????
Fiber strength
• Fiber strength is measured by breaking the fibers held between clamp
jaws.
• The units are grams per tex, which is the force in grams required to
break a bundle of fibers one tex unit in size
• Single fiber strength of fiber is also measured
Fiber strength
• The minimum strength for a textile fiber is approximately 6 CN/tex.
• Some significant breaking strength of fibers:
• Polyester= 35-60 CN/tex
• Cotton= 15-40 CN/tex
• Wool= 12-18 CN/tex
Effect of fiber strength on yarn quality
• Stronger yarn
• Fiber strength is translated directly to yarn strength. In addition to
producing stronger yarns, stronger fibers allow for faster and more
efficient processing.
• Final strength level is achieved early in the fiber development stage
Fiber Elongation
• Elongation is specified as a percentage of the starting length. The
elastic elongation is of decisive importance since textile products
without elasticity would hardly be useable.
• They must be able to deform and also return to shape.
• The fiber elongation should therefore be at least 1-2% and preferably
slightly more.
• The grater crease-resistance of wool compared with cotton arises for
examples from the difference in their elongation cotton 6-10%, wool
25-45%.
Fiber Elongation
Fiber Elongation
Cleanliness and impurities
• Fiber cleanliness refers to textile fiber free from trash,contaminations,
and dust.
• It is one of the important properties of fiber for spinning.
• Fiber cleanliness includes freedom from excessive fiber finish, debris,
and oligomer
Cleanliness and impurities
• Husk portions.
• Seed fragments.
• Stem fragments.
• Leaf fragments.
• Wood fragments.
Cleanliness and impurities
• Earth
• Sand
• Ore dust picked up in transport
• Coal dust picked up in transport
• Metal fragments.
• Cloth fragments.
• Packing materials (mostly polymers)
 Transport of material in blowroom

• Why it is important?
• There is need to transport material in blowroom to achieve the
outcomes and objectives of blowroom
• To feed to material from previous to next machine
• To achieve the required outcome( opening & cleaning) from a
machine
• Through individual machines
• Between the machines
 Transport of material in blowroom

• Methods:
• Manual transportation
• Mechanical Transportation
• Pneumatic Transportation
 Transport of material in blowroom

• Mechanical transportation:
• Mostly used inside machines to transfer the material

• Georg Koinzer lattice

• Conveyor belt
Conveyor belt Georg Koinzer lattice
 Transport of material in blowroom

• A conveyor belt operates by two motorized pulleys that loop over a

long stretch of thick material
• Conveyor belts has the advantage of moving the material with high
speed
• Conveyor belts are usually used at feeding stage of a machine
• These have the disadvantage of slippage of material from their
surface
• Lattices are also used in machines to transfer the material
• These consist of circular belts to which, usually wood crossbars are
screwed
• These are usually used for short distance
 Transport of material in blowroom

• Pneumatic transport:

• Its usually used to move material from one machine to other machine
• Close duct(pipe) and a fan are parts of a pneumatic system
• Air speed of 10m/see to 15m/see is used
• The major draw back of this method is entanglement of tufts of material
• The separation material from air is done using perforated drum
 Transport of material in blowroom

• Control of material transportation:

• Quantity of raw material received by a machine per unit time
and delivered by a machine per unit time is very important

• Two types of systems are usually employed:

• Batch operation/flow
• Continuous operation/flow
• In batch flow, the material is fill in the feeding column, once
it is used then level is lower down and feeding from previous
machine ON
• In continuous flow, all individual machines are connected to a
system which is called central regulating system.
“CONTIFEED” micro computer based system is example of
this system.
 Other important additional machines in blowroom

Metal extractors and fire detectors

• Magnetic metal extractors

• Electronic metal extractors
• Spark detectors
 Metal extractors

• Magnetic metal extractor

• Used in ducting, feeding and on various parts of the machines

• A permanent magnets are attached on these regions to collect metal
• These are effective only for magnetized particles
 Metal extractors
• Electronic metal extractors contains:
• oscillator which generates an AC current
• When metal is close to the coil, eddy current will be induced in
the metal object and this forms a magnetic field of its own
• Spark detector( Comboshield):
• Spark detector
• Metal extractor