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2 Lan Variation - Idiolect
2 Lan Variation - Idiolect
idiolect
I. Language variation:
II. Variationist sociolinguistics:
III. Linguistic variable:
IV. Idiolect:
I. Language variation:
For instance:
Speakers in some areas of the Midwestern United States might utter
sentences such as ‘The car needs to be washed’ while others would say ‘The
cars need to be washed’ or ‘The car needs washing.’ Further, an individual
speaker might use all three of these constructions at different times.
I. Language variation:
For example:
When you want to compliment about appearance, there are many ways,
such as:
“You look perfect”, “You look very beautiful”, “You look very
handsome”, “I like your eyes”, “You have a lovely voice”,…
Or giving a compliment when someone does a good job, we can say:
“Good job!” , “Well done!”, “You’re such a good student!”, “You did a
really fine job!”…
I. Language variation:
- No one can speak exactly like the other in the same way.
For example:
When someone speaks a sentence, you can speak this sentence but you
cannot speak exactly by the way he spoke. When you speak, your
expression, pronunciation,.. will be different from him.
I. Language variation:
For example:
A same sentence you speak will be different by the time. Because a
sentence would be changed about purpose, the time when you speak,
your expression and the meaning of sentence.
Would you mind closing the door?
Close the door, will you?
I. Language variation:
For example:
+ In UK: better - /ˈbet.ər/, city /siti/
In US: better - /ˈbet̬ .ɚ/,/city sidi/
+ In Vietnam, some areas in the North pronounce (n) as (l) or (l) as (n)
Làm ăn – Nàm ăn
Hà Nội – Hà Lội
I. Language variation:
- The variation you are permitted has limits, and these limits can be
described with considerable accuracy.
For instance:
We can say, ‘It is the fence that the cow jumped over,’ which is
comprehensible if somewhat stilted.
But most speakers would agree that ‘the fence jumped the cow over’ does
not follow English word order rules and is largely cannot understand.
II. Variationist sociolinguistics:
For example:
1. How do you greet your friends, your family, your colleagues, your
professors and your acquaintances? Are there different verbal exchanges as
well as different embodied practices ?(e.g., air kisses, shaking hands, fist
bump)
II. Variationist sociolinguistics:
For example:
2. In some contexts they may not be silient social categories and we may
instead see ourselves as members of groups based on racial identification,
sexual orientation, national belonging, or membership of a particular formal
social group (e.g., a Choir, a pro- fessional association, or a fox hunting
club).
II. Variationist sociolinguistics:
According to Mesthrie the basic methods in variationist studies are as
follow:
- Identify linguistic features that vary in a community.
- Gather data from the community by selecting a suitable sample of
people.
- Conduct an interview involving informal continuous speech as well a
more formal dimensions of language use like reading out a passage
aloud.
- Analyse the data , noting the frequency of each relevant linguistic
feature.
- Select relevant social units like the age group, sex, social.
- Ascertain significant correlation between the social groups and
particular speech.
III. Linguistic variable:
For example:
- Words like “singing” and “fishing” are sometimes pronounced as singin’ and
fishin’.
- The final sound in these words may be called the linguistic variable (ng) with
its two variants:
+ [ŋ] in singing
+ [n] in singin’
III. Linguistic variable:
- Linguists who have studied variation in this way have used a number of
linguistic variables, many of which have been phonological.
- The (ng) variable has been widely used; Labov (2006, 259) says it ‘has
been found to have the greatest generality over the English-speaking world,
and has been the subject of the most fruitful study.’
III. Linguistic variable:
- The (r) variable mentioned above has also been much used. Labov (1972)
has also distinguished among what he calls indicators, markers, and
stereotypes.
For example:
- Some speakers in North America distinguish the vowels in cot and
caught and others do not; this is not salient to most non-linguists.
III. Linguistic variable:
- You do not always have to drop every g, that is, always say singing as
singin’. Labov says that ‘we observe listeners reacting in a discrete way. G-
dropping is a marker everywhere English is spoken.
- Idiolects which comes from the Greek idio meaning "one'sown" and the
common linguistic ending "lect". So an idiolect is essentially the specific
way an individual speaks.
IV. Idiolect:
- Like your fingerprint, your idiolect is unique. It’s kind of like a micro-
dialect.
IV. Idiolect:
Example:
- Idiolect is the term that is sometimes used to refer to the individualised
dialect (and accent) that speakers use.
For example: if you are multilingual and can speak in different registers
and styles, your idiolect comprises several languages, each with multiple
registers and styles.
• As it relates to Donald Trump’s idiolect, let us take the
frequent criticism that he is incoherent, which stems in part
from his distinctive topic-shifting patterns in his speeches.
Trump often introduces topics abruptly with non-substantive
words (which linguists call “discourse markers”) like “so,”
“you know,” or “anyway.”
- The first author of this book, Wardhaugh, speaks in such a way that he is
regarded as North American almost everywhere he goes but in certain
aspects shows his origins in the north of England.
- He pronounces grass and bath with the vowel of cat, does not pronounce
the r’s in car and cart, and distinguishes the vowels in cot and caught (and
pronounces the latter word exactly like court).
IV. Idiolect: