 Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies is

accepted by universities and employers as

proof of an understanding
 and knowledge of the country’s history,
environment and development. The
Cambridge O Level Pakistan
 Studies syllabus encourages students to
develop lifelong knowledge and skills,
including: Syllabus 2059
 • a balanced understanding of the
heritage and history of Pakistan 1.3 Why choose
 • an awareness of the challenges and
opportunities which Pakistan faces
Cambridge
 • how to interpret and analyse a variety if O Level Pakistan
sources of information to evaluate and
draw conclusions. Studies?
 Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies
provides a firm foundation for more
advanced study in secondary
 school and in higher education as well as
valuable preparation for future
employment in a wide range of
 occupations and professions.
Key Question 2: What were the causes and
consequences of the decline of the Mughal
Empire?
Focus points:
• How far was Aurangzeb responsible for the
decline of the Mughal Empire?
• How far did Mughal weaknesses from 1707
make decline inevitable?
• What role did the East India Company play in
the decline of the Empire?
• How successful was British expansion in the
sub-continent to 1857?
Specified content:
Internal Indian reasons for the decline of the
Mughal
Empire:
• the impact of Aurangzeb’s policies on the
stability of the Mughal Empire
• the effectiveness of his successors as rulers
• problems of controlling the Empire
• the rise of the Maratha and Sikh empires.
 External reasons for the decline of the
Mughal
Empire:
• foreign invasions from Persia and Afghanistan
• the East India Company’s involvement in the
sub-continent
• British relations with the later Mughal rulers
of
Delhi
• British expansion from the 1750s to the
1850s in
the subcontinent
• a general overview of the course of, and
reasons
for, British annexation of the territories which
now encompass Pakistan (including the Anglo-
Sikh wars and the annexations of Lahore, the
Punjab and Peshawar)
• the British search for a ‘natural’ and
‘scientific’
NW Frontier
• British policy towards Tribal Territory.
• a general overview of the course of, and
reasons
for, British annexation of the territories which
now encompass Pakistan (including the
Anglo-
Sikh wars and the annexations of Lahore, the
Punjab and Peshawar)
 Company was granted
charter of trade by
Queen Elizabeth under
the name of
 Governor and
Company of Merchant
of London on 16th Beginning
December 1600 AD
 Main aim was to find a
market for English
cotton and compete
with Dutch and
French.
The Plassey
‘Revolution:’
Bengal in 1757
and the
transition to
Colonial Rule
 Context for the Battle of Plassey
 The French and English had already begun to engage in Proxy
wars by the 1740s
 Both drawn to local conflicts in which each company aided
different contenders
Nawab of Carnatic/Hyderabad
Nawab of Bengal on Ali Wardi Khan’s death

 Bengal in 1750s
 Tax Farming more common
 Government more streamlined with fewer local contacts
 Merchants and Financiers have larger role in Government
 Both French and English companies fortify and arm their
companies at Chandranagore and Ft. St. William in violation of
original treaties
 After the ignored warning,
Siraj-ud Daulah sends army to
raid Calcutta and destroy the
fortifications
 Most officers flee in boats,
those left behind are put in the
Company’s prison, where due
to overcrowding some die of
heat exhaustion: the legend of The “Black Hole”
the Black Hole of Calcutta is
born
 The Company’s governors in
Madras order Robert Clive to
negotiate another treaty with
the Nawab and bargain for the
restoration of Calcutta.
 Most English traders in
Bengal for a little while to
make their fortune before
returning to England
 Disgruntled with terms of
service, they quickly
engage in ‘private trade’ Internal problems
 To do this successfully of the EIC
form alliances with
Indigenous traders,
agents, and financiers
 Clive had contacts with
these groups
Robert Clive
 Clive enters into an
agreement with the Nawab’s
uncle, Mir Jafar to enact a
coup.
 Lacking funds they negotiate
with the family of Jagat Seth
and Omichand, leading
financiers offering them a
payout from the treasury The Plassey
and exclusive trading
monopolies
Conspiracy
 Clive himself secures the
promise of a Jagir from Mir
Jafar and payments to the
EIC—in a second secret
treaty these two agree to cut
out the merchants
 Once on the throne Mir
Jafar had to make good on
his promises:
 Rs. 10,000,000 to EIC for
Calcutta (comp)
 Rs. 4 million to Navy
(costs of war) Aftermath of
 Rs. 1.2 million to select Plassey
comm. (inc. clive)
 Rs.1.6 million to Clive
for ‘service’ plus a jagir
of Rs. 300,000 a year
 Only 85, 000 pounds in
treasury
 Nawab faces heavy
indemnity and has to
borrow or raise taxes
 Clive already decided to
leave EIC career to return
to England, repatriating Problems with
his money to fund his agreement
career in Parliament
 The Jagir is a substantial
chunk of the actual
payment made, the rest is
postponed
 Mir Jafar’s resistance to
paying the full sum leads
to his removal from the
throne in 1763
 The new nawab, Mir
Kasim[Son in law of Mir
Jafar] last for only 3 more
years and proves less Government in
pliable
Bengal
 He is also removed and
Mir Jafar re-installed in
1765
 The same year the
company expands
westwards
 On Bengal’s eastern
frontier, the Nawab of
Awadh is confronted with
a larger army
 By this time Awadh is also
a home for the Mughal
Emperor, Shah Alam, who
Battle of Buxar,
had been driven from
Delhi by Maratha and 1765
afghan incursions
 EIC receives grant of
Diwani[Revenue] of
Bengal after Battle of
Buxar
1764: Battle of Buxer Mir Qasim
Bengal,
Nawab Oudh and Shah Alum II were
defeated by EIC. It took control of
Bengal,
Bihar, Orissa &Oudh (anarchy, bribery
corruption)
British Government intervenes:
1773: An act passed for good
governance
1784: India act passed. British 1764-1784
Government took control directly
Appointed Governor General, Control
of three Presidencies, EIC trades
but lost
administrative powers. Police force,
legal system, civil service
introduced.
NOTE WRITTEN WORK OF THIS TOPIC
ALREADY GIVEN TO YOU
 1843: Annexation of Sindh,
although Peace treaty(1809)
existed with Amirs.
 1839:After death of Ranjit Singh,
British Invaded Punjab although
Peace Treaty(1809) existed.
 1846: Treaty of Lahore signed with
Sikhs and huge Assurance taken
with help of Ghulab Singh Dogra 1843 -1848
and Kashmir was Given as Reward.
 1849:After Revolt against British
Punjab and N.W.F.P were annexed .
 1848:G.G Dalhouise exteded British
Control Doctrine of
Lapse(whenever a ruler died british
would annex his land), Satara,
Nagpur,Jhansi& Oudh(1856)
 • the immediate and underlying
causes of the War
 • the attitude of Bahadur Shah Zafar
 • the course of the War, with
particular reference
 to the roles played by the Muslim Key Question 3:
rulers and
 populations of what is now Pakistan
What were the
 • reasons for failure causes and
 • an assessment of the short-term consequences of
impact of the
 War on Muslims in the sub- the War of
continent Independence
 • British reaction during and
immediately after 1857–58?
 the War (including the major
constitutional,
 educational and administrative
reforms which
 followed).
 Doctrine of lapse,
 Mistreatment of
Mughal emperor Red
Fort to Qutub Sahib.
 Replacement of
Persian by English as 1857: The War of
official language
Independence
 Cultural & Religious Reasons:
Degradation.
 Social & Economic
Aspect.
 Greased Cartridges
(Immediate Cause).
EVENTS
 Refusal of Soldiers to using Cartridges
Mangal Pandey executed, Soldiers arrested
in Meerut.
 May 1857 General Rebellion started,
Soldiers unified against British, Captured
Delhi and reinstated Bahdur Shah Zafar.
 British Lost Control in of North Central
India(uttar Pardesh)
 September 1857 Delhi & Lucknow regained
 Jhansi under Lakshmibai(Rani of Jhansi)
proved to be last Resistance.
OUTCOME:
• Confirmed Dominance of British
over India.
• EIC Completely Abolished.
• Governor General became Viceroy
who administrated with help of ICS
(Indian Civil Service).
• Proclamation of British Might at
Alahabad(1858).
• Target Killing of Royal Family.
• Persecution of Muslims.
• Further Degradation of life and
opportunities for Muslims .
• Indians Realized there Weakness.
• Beginning of Revolutionary
Movements.
Written work:
• What were the long-term causes of the War?
• What were the immediate causes of the
War?
• Why was independence not achieved?
• What were the immediate consequences of
the War?
REFERENCES:

GOOGLE
WIKIPEDIA
NIGEL KELLY
SLIDESHARE