OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

THE HUMAN EYE

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The eye
z is the most remarkable optical instrument.
What are the parts of the human eye?

The eye is spherical in shape and is about 2.5 cm

in diameter. The essential parts of the human eye,
considered as an optical system, are shown on
Figure 1.1.
1. The white coat or sclera is the hard, tough outer
coat of the eyeball which maintains the shape of the
eyeball and protects the eyes. The transparent cornea
in front of the sclera admits light into the eyeball. The
region behind the cornea is a liquid called aqueous
humor
2. The middle coat or choroids
layer contains a black
pigment, whose function is to
absorb stray rays of light and
prevent the blurring of images.
3. The inner coat, or retina covers only the rear portion of the
eyeball. The nerves of the eyes spread through the retina,
forming a light sensitive screen to receive images. Structures
in the retina, known as rods, enables us to see in the dark.
4. The crystalline lens is a double convex lens
that forms a real, inverted and smaller object on
the retina. (Figure 1.2)
5. In front of the lens is the iris,
which serves as a diaphragm to
regulate the amount of light
entering the inner eye.
6. The pupil is the opening in the center of
the iris. In a dark room the pupil becomes
larger to admit more light, in bright sunlight it
becomes smaller reducing the amount of
light admitted thus protecting the retina from
damage by exposure to intense light.
7. Behind the lens, the eye is
filled with a thin watery jelly called
vitreous humor.
8. The eyelids act as shutters to screen
out the light and, in general, to protect the
eye.
ACTIVITY: DRAW AND LABEL
THE PARTS OF THE HUMAN
EYES

Materials:
Bond Paper
Pencil
Any coloring Materials
 CAMERA
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A camera is a device that records and store images.
Theses images may be still photographs or moving
images, such as videos or movies. The term ‘ camera’
comes from the camera obscura (Latin for dark
chamber), an early mechanism for projecting images.
The modern camera evolved from the camera obscura.
Camera may work with the light of the visible spectrum or
with other portions of the electro magnetic spectrum.
Most 20th century cameras used photographic film as a
recording surface, while the majority of new ones now
use an electronic image sensor.
A camera forms a real, inverted
image on photographic film. The
camera focuses by moving the lens
back and forth relative to the film.
Unlike the adjustable shape of the
eye, the shape of the camera lens
remains fixed.
The still camera takes one photo each time user presses the shutter
button. A typical movie camera continuously takes 24 films frames per
second as long as the user holds down the shutter button or until the
shitter button is pressed a second time. From its inception, the
camera has been instrumental in the recording of still images.
From then- present surroundings and further modifications led to the
development of motion picture sequences in the late 19th century.
Cameras and the exhibition of camera-captured images are widely
used in both professional and consumer settings in the 21st century for
both mass and interpersonal communication purposes .
Camera Parts and Function

When using many of the automatic cameras today, many of the

features listed below are obsolete. This list is provided for those
students who are enthusiasts of the manual camera.

a. Lens – It draws the light into the camera and focuses it on the
film plane.
b. Shutter- it opens and closes to control the length of time the light
strikes the film. There are two types of shutters- a leaf shutter,
located between or just behind the lens’ elements and a focal
plane shutter, located in front of the film plane.
c. Shutter Release- the button that releases or trips the shutter
mechanism.
d. Film Advance Lever or Knob - it transport the film from one frame to
the next on the film roll.
e. Aperture- it dilates and contracts to control the diameter of the hole that
the light passes through- to let in more or less light. It is controlled by the
f- stop ring .
f. View finder- the “window” through which you look to frame your picture.
g. Film Rewind Knob- This knob rewinds the film back Into the film
cassette.
h. Camera Body – the casing of the camera which holds and encloses the
camera parts.
i. Flash Shoe- this is the point at which the flash of flash cube is
mounted or attached.
j. Self- Timer- this mechanism trips the shutter after a short delay, usually
7 to 10 seconds, allowing everyone to be in the photograph .
k. Shutter Speed Control- controls the length of the time shutter remains
open. Typical shutter speeds are measured in fractions of a second, such
as 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/500, and 11000th of a second.
Parts of the Camera