BF St. Mary’s School of San Jose Inc.

“Building the Foundation for Tomorrow’s Leader.”

Our Goal:
To investigate the relationship
between the amount of force
applied and the mass of an
object to the amount of change
in the object’s motion.
Is there a Force Applied? Is Force present there ?

YES
Do you think there’s a force applied? What do you think there’s a force?

YES YES
DISPLACEMENT
The gap between the initial
position of an object.
And the final position of an
object.
VELOCITY
The speed at which
something moves in
one direction.
ACCELERATION
The time rate of change of
the velocity of an object.
Used to describe motion as
these take place with the
presence of force.
What is force ?
if you kick a ball ,it rolls across the floor.
If you push on the door, the door opens. You know from
experience
That force is necessary to move these objects. Force, therefore,
Is something that is equivalent to push or pull a specific,
Recognizable cause. When you push the handle of grocery cart,
Your hands, while it is in contact with the handle, is the cause
Of the force. A force is a vector quantity. That is completely
Describe force, you need a specify its magnitude and direction.
Example
 This shows how force acts in the toy car that
causes it to move.

Point of Application

Point to the direction

F Line of action
_________________ _ _______ ____________
Magnitude Direction
- Refers how the strong the force is. - Refers to the points to where the object goes.

“The greater the magnitude the faster the Velocity”
The magnitude of a force is expressed in a various
ways.
First is in Newton(N)
MKS OR THE METER-KILOGRAM SECOND SYSTEM.
Point of application is the location where the force is
applied.
Line of Action
- Straight line passing through the point of application
and is parallel to the direction of the force.

DYN
-CGS OR THE CENTIMETER-GRAM-SECOND SYSTEM

POUND
-FPS OR FOOT-POUND-SECOND SYSTEM.
 2 TYPES OF FORCES
CONTACT-FORCES

Ff Fn Ft
-These are forces when an object needs
physical contact to the object.

Examples:
Applied
Friction SYMBOL of Symbol of Normal Symbol of Tension
Normal Friction force Force force
Tension

Applied Normal Tension force is Resist force

-Refers to the force exerted by a person -The force that acts perpendicular that causes object to stretch.
or an object towards another person or to an object.
object.

Friction Tension
-Refers to the force that acts opposite or -The force applied the string,
against another object. rope , chain cable and the like.
Non-contact forces
Forces where objects do not touch or are not in contact with each other

2 types Non-contact forces

• Gravitational Force
• Magnitude Force

Gravitational Force
- The force that attracts object towards the earth
-This force is the main reason why we get enjoy walking, running and living earth.
Without gravitational force obviously everything.
-Living without gravitational will be quite more challenging.
Through your Glass Example:1 (Drinking Water)
would be impossible
many things would be
very challenging to do
because the moment
gravitational force
disappears there will no
longer be a force, to
pull you towards the
Earth.
Example:2 Box on the Table

Fn
Normal force is the acts perpendicular to
the surface which an object is contact
with the normal force has an upward
pulling effect to the object on the surface.

Gravitational
If there is an upward force and object at Force

rest there is also a down ward force that

pulls it downwards. And that is
gravitational force.
 Example:3
Let’s take for example
two kilograms of meat on
a plate the weight of the 2 Kg
meat is the Gravitational
Force
That pulls it downward
the greater the mass the
greater the gravitational Gravitational
Force
force that pulls it down.
Magnetic Force
- The force that exerted on what we call a field of attraction or
repulsion.

 This force takes place in cases such as between a magnet and a

Attraction of
magnetic material
magnetic
Magnets and magnetic materials have two poles
materials does
not take place
EX:
with the same
poles.
The North pole and the South pole.

NO ATTRACTION
Meaning:

ATTRACTION

Attraction occurs only between opposite poles.

 You might thinking why magnetic force is classified as a non-contact force?

Because the magnets attracts object and eventually make contact with each other.
The answer to that is magnets don’t necessarily
Need to be in contact with other magnetic materials to make them move.

The force that being exerted in a field of attraction or repulsion moves a magnetic materials
without the magnet touching it .
 Contact forces and Non-contact forces
Last time we defined force as the push and pull applied to an
object. It’s the primary cause of all the motions and
movement and movements we see every day
we also said that force is present even if an object is not
moving are you still confused why?
That is because we have that we call
Balanced forces and Unbalanced forces
 Balanced Forces
- Are those which are of opposite direction and
equal in magnitude.

To understand it better
We must know Magnitude and Direction.

Magnitude
- Is the amount of force exerted and the
Direction is where the force moves towards.
Example : Take a look at this book placed on top of a table is it moving?

Obviously it is not why is this so?

That is because the forces are of the same or equal magnitude of forces
Means there is no change in motion that is why the book remains at rest.

5N 5N
Let’s also take for example an arm wrestling let’s
assume that each person exerts 200Newtons
Do you think one will win?

NO ONE WON.
Unbalanced forces
- Are those which are in opposite direction and an
equal in magnitude.
- If one force is greater than the other and they
exerted in opposite directions the object will move.
Example :
Let’s take a look at this shown earlier let’s assume that the force
from the Left is
50N 200N

Do you think the ball will move?

To what direction will it go ? And why?

Great the ball move to the left this is because the force
from the right is stronger than the force from the left.
Can we calculate force?

NET FORCE ( Result force)

- Is the sum of all forces that act on an object.
- If the net force is zero the forces are balanced.

Net force = 0 Net force > 0

Balanced Unbalanced
This means that there is no change of movement or velocity on the object where the forces
are acting upon. Meanwhile if the net forces is Greater then zero that means there is a
Greater amount of force, so expect a change in motion and velocity of an object.
To solve the Net force FNEt = ΣF
We use this formula as a symbol for Net force
Fnet = ΣF
Netforce The sum of the exixting foces in the same line of action

We also use the algebraic signs positive and negative directions of force and corresponding
signs:

+(positive)
-(negative)

To indicate the direction of the force.

Forces exerted to the right get the positive sign positive (+)
And forces exerted to the left get a negative sign negative sign (-)
For vertical forces, forces exerted upwards positive (+)
And forces exerted to downwards get a negative (-)
EXAMPLE: Tug of war

We have here 2 teams playing tug of war Team A exerts 900Newtons and Team B exerts
1200Newtons.
TEAM A TEAM B

900NEWTONS 1200NEWTONS

We write like this:

FNEt = ΣF
FNEt = FA + FB
FNEt= -900+1200N
FNET= 300N
Uniform’s Circular Motion and Newton’s Second
Law

Goals:
• Describe how objects move in a circular path.
• Determine the tangential speed of rotating object.
• Relate the tangential speed with the frequency and
period.
• Calculate the centripetal force and centripetal
acceleration.
 FIND THE W RD
P Y E W T W C E N T R I P E T A L Q R

N O R M A A F R E Q U E N C Y C U D A

L A W F K R N E W T O N K H I N A D

W X Z S T K P O T E N T I A L R I S I

T A N G E N T I A L A M F R S C F A U

A S D E V F O R C E G A G E U U O D S

G R A V I T A T I O N S E S N L R F L

O A E R Y E N E R G Y S W L B A M C M

M O T I O N V E L O C I T Y R X Z C
An object is in uniform motion
if the path of the object is along
a circle moving at constant
speed. Since the object rotates
along a circle, the velocity
changes at a constant rate due
to change in direction. Hence,
the body is uniformly
accelerated and is always
directed towards the center of
the circle. Motion are the roller
coaster, toy cars on a racetrack,
and even the rotation of planets
around the sun
To understand further how an object behaves when it
rotates along a circle let us considers an object tied
on a string when the object is whirled the string
exerts an inward force on it this force is known as the
centripetal force when the centripetal force exerted
by the string ln the mass is removed the object will
stop moving along the circle and will follow a
straight line path that is tangent to the circle this
implies that inertia makes the object to move
continuously at a certain velocity the velocity of the
rotating object is called tangential velocity.
The magnitude of the tangential velocity is determined by the product of the distance travelled and frequency
The frequency refers to the number of turns completed at a given time. The distance travelled in one revolution is
equal of the circle, 2r. The time needed to complete on revolution is called period. Hence, the formula used to
determine the magnitude of the tangential velocity is:

V = 2r v = tangential velocity in m/s

r = radius of the circle in m
f = frequency in revolution/s
or Hertz
V = 2r
T
T= Period of time in S a=
= 3.1416 r

Where: a = centripetal force is derived from

The centripetal acceleration is computed using the Newton’s Second law.
formula,
Substituting the formula of the centripetal acceleration:
Sample problem:

1. What is the speed of a ball whirled at the end of a 0.5 m string

with a frequency of 10 revolution per second?
F = ma
Given:
Fc = mv2 r = 0.5 m
r f = 10 revolution/s

Where: F = centripetal force in Newton (N) Find:

m = mass in kg v=?
v = tangential velocity in m/s
r = radius in m Formula:
v = 2r

Solution:
v = 2rf
v = 2(0.5m) (10 cycles/s)
v = 2(3.1416) (0.5m) (10 cycles/s)
v = 31. 42 m/s
 Centripetal Force

A centripetal force is a force that makes a

body follow a curved path. Its direction is
always orthogonal to the motion of the
body and towards the fixed point of the
instantaneous center of curvature of the
path.
Example:
You have a ball and the ball is moving to the right and there’s a force that’s acting on the ball it’s parallel to the velocity
vector . What’s Going to happen to the ball?

Speed

What if the force and the velocity vectors are anti parallel ?

If they’re opposite to each other what Gonna happened to the speed?

The ball is going to slowdown

This force is known as centripetal force provide that force remains perpendicular to the velocity vector if that happens
then we have uniform circular motion.
Centripetal force
- Is not really a new kind of force rather t’s created by another force.

Example 1
Ball attached to rope and you’re swinging the ball in a horizontal circle
What provides force?

Example2
When the earth’s orbits the sun rather

What provides the centripetal force in this case we have circle motion in this
example so what keeps the earth in orbit around the sun.
 Centripetal
Acceleration

Centripetal acceleration, the acceleration of a body

traversing a circular path. Because velocity is a vector
quantity (that is, it has both a magnitude, the speed, and
a direction), when a body travels on a circular path, its
direction constantly changes and thus its velocity
changes, producing an acceleration.
V = _d_ = 2πr
T

Period
- Is the time it takes to complete one full cycle
- Capital T lower case is simply the times it takes to go from point A to point B, Capital T is the
time it takes in making one revolution one cycle so that’s the period frequency is 1 divide by
the period.

- F = _1_
T 0.25s
per revolution

- F = _1_ = 4 Revolution
T 0.25s

If it takes point 0.25 seconds to make one revolution.

The frequency is one of 0.25 which is basically 4 so if it takes only point 0.25 seconds to makes
one revolution then you can do four revolutions in one second and that’s the frequency.

T= 0.25s Frequency - is the number of cycles that you can complete one second.
Sample Problem:

1. A penny rests 45cm from the center of a spinning disk if the penny moves at constant that speed of 2.5m/s
What is the centripetal acceleration on the penny?

Formula:
Ac = V ( Acceleration is the square of the speed divided by the radius of the circle)
R

V= 2.5 m/s

R= 45cm x 1m__ = 0.45m

1 100 cm

(Divide it by 100)

Ac = ( 2.5 m/s) = 13.9m/s

0.45

(Divide )
2. A ball travels around a horizontal circle of radius 1.5cm makes 3 revolutions every second.
a.) What is the frequency if the ball?
b.) What is the period?
c.) What is the linear speed?
d.) Calculate the centripetal acceleration?

( Number of cycles divide by the time)

a.) f= cycles = 3 revolution or 3 cycles = 3 R/s

Time 1s

(Period is the time divide by the number of cycles)

b.) T= Time = _1s__ = 1s

Cycles 3Rev 3
T=1 = 1
f 3
(If F is 3 then T is 1/3 so period is 1/3s per revolution)
C.) What is the linear speed?

(2 pi divide by the period of time)

V = 2r = 2
T (1/3)s

2 = 28. 27m/s
(1/3)s
Linear Speed

d.) Ac = V = (28.27) = 533m/s

R 1.5
Centripetal Acceleration
WORK ,POWER AND ENERGY

GOALS:

• Define work and identify its units.

• Distinguish between work, power and energy
• Calculate the power for physical situations.
• Differentiate kinetic energy and potential energy
Work

We usually associate work as something to do with a person job. This layman’s definition of work
which relate a a person doing an activity is different form mechanical work. In scientific terms “work”
is done only when a force applied to an object cause the object to move a distance parallel to the force
This implies that the mere application of a force and the object moving at a distance does not necessarily
mean that work is accomplished.

For example when a mother lifts a basket of fruits the mother does work because the force she exerts
(upward) is parallel to the distance (upward) if a boy is carrying his bag and runs along the corridor no work
Is done because the force applied is upward but the distance travelled by the boy is horizontal.

When a boy pushes the box to another room he exerts a force on the box and force he exerting is directed
to the other room thus covering a distance. The force exerted by the boy is in the same
direction with the displacement Therefore work is done.
Lifting objects picking up papers and carrying things from the ground floor to the next floor ofa building
are the other examples of work.

When a person sits in front of a laptop and starting encoding she is exerting force on the keyboard
but the force she exerts on the keyboard does not travel a given distance therefore there is no work done.

From the examples given we can conclude that the work done by a constant force is equal to the product of the
force applied and the distance through which the force acts in symbol.

The SI unit of work is Joule (J) force is in Newton (N) and the unit of distance is meters (m)
A smaller unit of work is ergs. The equivalent unit of 1 joule is

1 Joule= 10.000.000

There us also work done when one lifts an object form the ground. The object the object having
a mass and is acted upon by the Earth’s gravity when lifted will cover a distance. The distance will be the height
when the object was lifted from the ground to its final position. Work can be computed by multiplying
the mass constant acceleration due to gravity (which is constant 9.8 m/s) and the height Thus W=mgh