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Pricing Strategy
Pricing Strategy
CHAPTER 18
PRICING FOR
INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
P h i l i p R. C a t e o r a - M a r y C. G i l l y - J o h n L . G r a h a m
NGO BINH
Senior Marketing Lecturer
FBA - HUFLIT
Feb. 2023
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Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Should You Learn?
• Components of pricing as competitive tools in
international marketing
• The pricing pitfalls directly related to international
marketing
• How to control pricing in parallel imports or gray markets
• Price escalation and how to minimize its effect
• Countertrading and its place in international marketing
practices
• The mechanics of price quotations
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Global Perspective –
the Price War
• Setting the right price for a product or service
– Key to success or failure
• An offering’s price
– Must reflect the quality and value the consumer perceives in the product
• Globalization of world markets
– Intensifies competition among multinational and home-based companies
• The marketing manager’s responsibility
– To set and control the actual price of goods in different markets in which
different sets of variables are to be found
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Pricing Policy
Pricing Objectives
• Pricing as an active instrument of accomplishing
marketing objectives
– The company uses price to achieve a specific objective
• Pricing as a static element in a business
decision
– Exports only excess inventory
– Places a low priority on foreign business
– Views its export sales as passive contributions to sales volume
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Pricing Policy
Parallel Imports
• Parallel imports
– Develop when importers buy products from distributors in one
country and sell them in another to distributors who are not part
of the manufacturer’s regular distribution system
• Occur whenever price differences are greater
than cost of transportation between two markets
.
• Major problem for pharmaceutical companies
• Exclusive distribution
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How Gray-Market Goods
End Up in U.S. Stores
Exhibit 18.1
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Approaches to International Pricing
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Full-Cost Versus
Variable-Cost Pricing
• Variable-cost pricing
– Firm is concerned only with the marginal or incremental cost of
producing goods to be sold in overseas markets
• Full-cost pricing
– Companies insist that no unit of a similar product is different
from any other unit in terms of cost
– Each unit must bear full share of the total fixed and variable cost
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Skimming Versus
Penetration Pricing
• Skimming
– Used by a company when the objective is to reach a segment of
the market that is relatively price insensitive
– Market is willing to pay a premium price for the value received
• Penetration pricing policy
– Used to stimulate market and sales growth by deliberately
offering products at low prices
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Price Escalation
• Costs of exporting
– Price escalation
• Taxes, tariffs, and administrative costs
– Taxes include tariffs
– Tariff – fee charged when goods are brought into a country from
another country
– Administrative costs
► Include export and import licenses
► Other documents
► Physical arrangements for getting the product from port of entry to the
buyer’s location
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Price Escalation
• Inflation
– In countries with rapid inflation or exchange variation, the selling
price must be related to the cost of goods sold and the cost of
replacing the items
• Deflation
– In a deflationary market, it is essential for a company to keep
prices low and raise brand value to win the trust of consumers
• Exchange rate fluctuations
– No one is quite sure of the future value of currency
– Transactions are increasingly being written in terms of the
vendor company’s national currency
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Price Escalation
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Sample Causes and Effects
of Price Escalation
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Approaches to Lessening
Price Escalation
• Lowering cost of goods
– Manufacturing in a third country
– Eliminating costly functional features
– Lowering overall product quality
• Lowering tariffs
– Reclassifying products into a different, and lower customs
classification
– Modify product to qualify for a lower tariff rate within
classification
– Requiring assembly or further processing
– Repackaging
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Approaches to Lessening
Price Escalation
• Lowering distribution costs
– Shorter channels
– Reducing or eliminating middlemen
• Using foreign trade zones to lessen price
escalation
– Establish free trade zones (FTZs) or free ports
► Tax-free enclave not considered part of country
► Postpones payment of duties and tariffs
• Dumping
– Use of marginal (variable) cost pricing
– Selling goods in foreign country below the price of the same
goods in the home market
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How Are Foreign
Trade Zones Used?
Exhibit 18.3
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Leasing in International Markets
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Leasing in International Markets
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Countertrade as a Pricing Tool
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Countertrade as a Pricing Tool
• Types of countertrade
– Barter
– Compensation deals
– Counterpurchase or offset trade
– Product buyback agreement
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Countertrade as a Pricing Tool
• Problems of countertrading
– Determining the value of and potential demand for the goods
offered
– Barter houses
• The Internet and countertrading
– Electronic trade dollars
– Universal Currency/IRTA
• Proactive countertrade strategy
– Included as part of an overall market strategy
– Effective for exchange-poor countries
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Transfer Pricing Strategy
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Transfer Pricing Strategy
• Objectives
– Maximizing profits for corporation
– Facilitating parent-company control
– Providing all levels of management control over profitability
• Arrangements for pricing goods for
intracompany transfer
– Sales at the local manufacturing cost plus a standard markup
– Sales at the cost of the most efficient producer in the company
plus a standard markup
– Sales at negotiated prices
– Arm’s-length sales using the same prices as quoted to
independent customers
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Price Quotations
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Administered Pricing
• Cartels
– Exist when various companies producing similar products or
services work together
► To control markets for the types of goods and services they produce
– May use formal agreements
► To set prices
► Establish levels of production and sales for participating countries
► Allocate market territories
► Redistribute profits
► May take over entire selling function
– Examples
► OPEC
► The Trans-Atlantic Conference Agreement
► De Beers
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Administered Pricing
• Government-influenced pricing
– Establishes margins
– Sets prices and floors or ceilings
– Restricts price changes
– Competes in the market
– Grants subsidies
– Acts as a purchasing monopsony or selling monopoly
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Summary
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Summary
• Controlling costs that lead to price escalation when
exporting products is:
– One of the most challenging pricing tasks facing the exporter
• Countertrading is an important tool in pricing policy
• Pricing in the international marketplace
– Requires a combination of intimate knowledge of market costs and
regulations
– An awareness of possible countertrade deals,
– Infinite patience for detail
– A shrewd sense of market strategy
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