CITY UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN

Structure Analysis

By:
Engr. Inam Ullah
Civil Engineering Department
City University of Science & IT,
Peshawar
 WELCOME
NOTE
• Welcome to Structure Analysis
• Challenging and Rewarding
• Requires reasonable input work
• Invest at least 3 times credit Hr per week (3 x 3 = 9
hrs/week)
 INTRODUCTION OF
INSTRUCTOR
• Engr. Inam Ullah
• +5 Years of working (Field + Teaching)
• MSc in Construction Engineering and mangment .
( NUST, Pak)
• BSc in Civil Engineering. ( Peshawar, Pak)
 COURSE
CONTENTS
Module Topics to be covered Assignments
/ Quiz
1
2
3
4
5
6
 COURSE
CONTENTS
7
Mid Term Exam
8

9
10
11
Final Term Exam
 RECOMMENDED
TEXT BOOKS
• Structure Analysis by RC
Hibbler
 GRADING
POLICY

• Midterm =0%
• Final Term = 50 %
• Session Performance = 50 %
• Assignments = 25 % ( Assignments )

• Quizzes = 25 % ( Quizzes)
 ASSIGNMENT
SUBMISSION PROTOCOL
• Each assignment shall be submitted with in than 7 days after being

assigned. No assignment will be accepted after due date.

• All assignments shall have Title Page (with name of student/course,

fall/spring year, assignment /title and number etc.)

• Assignment should be submitted in hand written form on

CULMS online.

• Online attendance will mark on the basis of assignments

submittion.
 TOPICS TO BE
• Structures
COVERED
• Structural Elements
• Structural types
 WHAT IS
STRUCTURE?
A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to
support a load.
• The primary function of a structure is to receive loads at
some specific points and safely transfer it to some other
points.
• Important examples related to civil engineering
include buildings, bridges, and towers.
 WHAT IS
STRUCTURE?
• structures are composed of one or more solid elements arranged
so that the whole structures as well as their components are
capable of holding themselves without appreciable geometric
change during loading and unloading.

• In other branches of engineering, ship and aircraft frames,

tanks, pressure vessels, mechanical systems, and electrical
supporting structures are important.
 WHAT IS
STRUCTURE?
• In case of a building structure can be defined as Combinations
of members that takes load transfer from one member to
anther and finally to ground safely.

Girder

Beams

Columns

Steel Building
 WHAT IS
STRUCTURE?
• Bridges
 STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
The parts of which a structure is composed are called Structural
elements.
Some of the more common elements from which structures are
composed are as follows.
• Tie Rods
• Beams
• Struts
• Columns & Beam Columns
 STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
 Tie Rods
• Structural members subjected to a tensile force are often
referred to as tie rods or bracing struts.
• Due to the nature of this load, these members are rather slender,
and are often chosen from rods, bars, angles, or channels.
 STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
 Beams

Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily

to carry vertical/transverse loads.
Beams are primarily designed to resist Bending Moment
and Shear Force.

Beams can made of Steel , Concrete , Reinforced Concrete

or Timber.
 STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
 Struts

A strut is a structural element designed to resist

axial compression.

A strut may be horizontal, vertical or

inclined. A vertical strut is also called

column.
 STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
 Columns and Beam Columns:

Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive

loads are referred to as columns. Columns are Vertical struts .

columns subjected to both an axial load and a bending moment

as shown in the figure. These members are referred to as beam

columns.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES

Structural Forms

Cables Arches Frames Trusse Beams

s

Surfaces

Membranes Plates Shells

 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Cables:
Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.

Cables stretch well and are light, so they are useful in large
span structures.

Cable is flexible and in-extensible; hence does not resist any

bending moment or shear force; same as truss bar.

Cable is in-extensible, hence the length is always constant.

 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Cables are mostly used in long span bridges.

Suspension Bridge Cable Stayed Bridge

 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Hanger Tower

Cable

Cable
Anchorage Road Way

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco

 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Arches:
The arch achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse
curvature to that of the cable.
An arch must also resist bending and shear depending upon how it is
loaded & shaped (an ideal arch will have no secondary effects).

Chinese Moon Bridge

 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Types of
arches

indeterminate indeterminate

indeterminate
determinate
 FORMS/TYPES OF
Frames: STRUCTURES
• Frames are often used in buildings and are composed of beams and
columns that are either pin or fixed connected.
• Frames can be extend in two (plane frames) or three
dimensions (space frames).
• The loading on a frame causes
bending of its members, and
if it has rigid joint
connections.
FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES

Frame members are subjected to internal

axial, shear, and moment loadings.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Truss:
A truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units
constructed with straight slender members joined together at
their end points.
When the span of a structure is required to be large and its depth
is not an important criterion for design, a truss may be selected.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Truss:
A plane truss (Coplanar truss) is one where all the members
and joints lie within a 2-dimensional plane and are frequently
used for bridge and roof support, while a space truss has
members and joints extending into 3 dimensions and are
suitable for derricks and towers.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Truss:
Due to the geometric arrangement of its members, loads that
cause the entire truss to bend are converted into tensile or
compressive forces in the members.
Because of this, one of the primary advantages of a truss,
compared to a beam, is that it uses less material to support a
given load.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Types of Coplanar Trusses:
The following are the types of coplanar trusses
• Simple truss
• Compound truss
• Complex truss

Assumptions in Truss Analysis:

• All members are assumed in axial compression or
tension.
• Members are joined with the help of frictionless pins.
• Loads are applied at joints only.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Applications of Trusses:
Trusses are used to support roofs and bridges.

Roof Truss
FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES

Bridge Truss
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Beam:
A beam is a structural element that carries load primarily in
bending (flexure).
Beams generally carry vertical or transverse gravitational forces but
can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due to an
earthquake or wind).
The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or
girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural
compression members.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Types of Beams on the basis of support:

Name of the beam?

 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Types of Beams on the basis of Material:
1. Concrete beams
Concrete beams generally have rectangular cross sections, since it is
easy to construct this form directly in the field. Because concrete is
rather weak in resisting tension, steel “reinforcing rods” are cast into
the beam within regions of the cross section subjected to tension.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Types of Beams on the basis of Material:
2. Steel or Aluminum beams
When the material used for a beam is a metal such as steel or
aluminum, the cross section is most efficient when it is shaped as
Wide flange.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Types of Beams on the basis of Material:
2. Timber beams
Beams made from timber may be sawn from a solid piece of wood or
laminated. Laminated beams are constructed from solid sections of
wood, which are fastened together using high-strength glues.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Types of Beams on the basis of Material:
4. Precast Concrete beams:
Precast concrete beams or girders are fabricated at a shop or yard in
the same manner and then transported to the job site.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Surface structures:
The surface structures are classified in to the following types.
• Membranes
• Plates
• Shells
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Membranes:
• These are thin sheets of material
• Resist applied loads by tension.
•This is a two dimensional cable.
Examples are tents, sails, balloons
etc

Note: A two dimensional Arch is called a

Dome.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
STRUCTURES
Plates:
Plates are flat surfaces that transfer loads by bending in a
manner similar to beams.
 FORMS/TYPES OF
Shells:
STRUCTURES
Shell is rigid surface that transfers loads in two directions.
The primary difference between a plate and a shell is that the
shell has curvature whereas the plate does not.
 ASSIGNMENT

Types of Coplanar Trusses:

The following are the types of coplanar
trusses:
• Simple truss
• Compound truss
• Complex truss
 REFERENCES

• Structural Analysis by R. C.
Hibbeler

• Online Civil Engineering blogs