Transformer

C.CHIMONO
INTRODUCTION
• A transformer is an electromagnetic device whose operation is base
on the Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
• The transformer transforms voltage from one level to another level
• The ability to change the voltage level has enabled transmission
lines to transmit bulk power at high voltages at reduced power
losses
• At consumer level transformers are widely used to step down mains
voltage to levels suitable for use in power supplies for electronic
equipment
CONSTRUCTION OF A DOUBLE WOUND
TRANSFORMER
• A single-phase double wound transformer is made of a magnetic
core and two windings
• The core is made of laminated thin sheet of high grade steel
• The laminations are insulated from each other by insulation vanish
CONSTRUCTION OF A DOUBLE WOUND
TRANSFORMER
• The windings are made of copper wire.
• The winding connected across the source is called the primary
winding
• while the one feeding the load is called the secondary winding.
TYPES OF CORE CONSTRUCTION
• There are two common types of core construction, the core type
and shell type.
• The core type construction has two limbs and the shell type
construction has one limb in the centre
TYPES OF CORE CONSTRUCTION
• In the core type transformer, the primary and secondary windings
are wound outside and surround the core ring.
• In the shell type transformer, the primary and secondary windings
pass inside the core
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
• Concentric windings
• Sandwich windings
OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER
• When, primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage,
alternating magnetic flux is produced around the winding
• The core provides magnetic path for the flux, to get linked with the secondary
winding
• As the flux produced is alternating, EMF gets induced in the secondary
winding according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
An ideal (perfect) transformer must satisfy the following conditions:
• The windings have zero resistance and therefore the I 2R losses
are zero
• The magnetic core permeability is infinite, which corresponds to
zero reluctance
• There is no leakage of magnetic flux; that is the flux is confined to
the core and links both windings
• There are no core power losses
EMF Equation
• Dividing the two equations

• The voltage transformation ratio is equal to the turns ratio (n)

Example 1
• A transformer core has a square section of 25 mm side. The primary
winding is to be designed for 240 V, and the secondary winding for
12 V. If the flux density in the core is not to exceed 1.1 T, find a
suitable number of turns for each winding for frequency of 50 Hz
Solution 1
•
Ideal transformer on load
• Let us now load the ideal transformer. Since it is an ideal
transformer there are no losses.
Example 2
In the transformer of Example 1 the 12V winding has a current rating
of 20 A
(a) What is the VA rating of the each winding?
(b) Calculate the current rating of the primary winding
SOLUTION 2
•
Practical transformer
practical transformer has the following imperfections:
•The winding have resistance resulting in power losses
•The core permeability is finite and varying
• The magnetic flux is not confined to the core. There is flux leakage
• There are real and reactive power losses in the core
Copper losses
• The windings have resistance and therefore I 2R copper loses.
• Copper losses are proportional to square of the load current
Core losses
• The graph of flux density B against magnetic strength H is non linear because
of magnetic saturation
• This leads to losses in the core which are classified into
• Hysteresis losses
• Eddy current losses
• The core losses are the sum of the hysteresis and eddy current
losses
Hysteresis loss
• Hysteresis is the ‘lagging’ effect of flux density B whenever there are
changes in the magnetic field strength H
• When an initially unmagnetized material is subjected to a varying
magnetic field strength H, the flux density B produced in the
material varies
• the arrows indicating the direction of the cycle is known as a
hysteresis loop
Hysteresis loss
•
Hysteresis loss
• Distance OX indicates the residual flux density or remanence,
• When H is reduced to zero, flux remains in the core. This remanent
flux density or remanence
• When H is increased in the opposite direction, the flux density has
been reduced to zero
• The magnetic field strength required to remove the residual
magnetism, is called the coercive force.
• OY indicates the coercive force,
Hysteresis loss
• and PP’ is the saturation flux density.
• flux density changes lag behind the changes in the magnetic field
strength. This effect is called hysteresis.
• Hysteresis results in a dissipation of energy which appears as a
heatingof the magnetic material
• This loss of energy when moving around the hysteresis loop is
called hysteresis loss
Eddy current loss
• Eddy current loss comes from localized currents induced in the core
by a time varying flux
• Since the core is a conductor we have a conducting path enclosing
the flux.
• The emf induced by the time varying flux produces an eddy current
along the path and the current causes heating in the core
Magnetic flux leakage
• The magnetic flux is not confined to the core as assumed in the
ideal transformer.
• Some of the flux leaks out and flows through the air path.
• This reduces the emf of self induction as well as the emf of mutual
induction because the turns are not linked by all the flux.
• The reduction in voltage due to leakage flux is proportional to the
current since flux flowing through the air is directly proportional to
the current.
Magnetic flux leakage
• Voltage drop leads the current by 90 o and is therefore accounted for
by series leakage reactance X1 and X2 in the primary and
secondary windings respectively