Group 3 Presentation:

Introduction to Computing

Prepared by: Daniel Caralos and Kenji Mallari

Byte
- is a unit of data that is eight binary digits
long. A byte is the unit most computers use to
represent a character such as a letter, number or
typographic symbol. Byte is abbreviated with an
uppercase B.
Bytes in computer processing and programming
In some computer systems, four bytes constitute
a word, a unit that a computer processor can
handle efficiently as it reads and processes each
instruction. Depending on the capabilities, some
computer processors can handle two-byte or
single-byte instructions. Language scripts can
sometimes require two bytes to represent a
character. These are called double-byte character
sets.
How many bits in a byte?
A bit is represented by a lowercase b. While a byte can
hold a letter or symbol, a bit is the smallest unit of storage,
storing just one binary digit. The standard number of bits in a
byte is eight, but that number can vary from system to system,
depending on the hardware.
Understanding the prefixes used with bytes can help further
identify the size of a byte. Commonly used prefixes include
kilo-, mega-, giga- and tera-.

A kilobyte (KB) is equal to 1,024 bytes. A small email could be

considered around 2 KB and a three-page paper around 25 KB.

Megabytes (MB) are equal to 1,048,576 bytes. For normal

quality audio, a song is about 3-4 MB -- about 1 MB per minute.
A high-quality photo may be about 2-5 MB.
A gigabyte (GB) is equal to 1,073,741,824 bytes. As a frame of
reference, a computer may have up to 4 GB of RAM; a single
layer DVD can hold up to 4.7 GB of data; a hard drive could be
used to hold 750 GB; or a video game could have 30-60 GB of
data.

A terabyte (TB) is 1,000,000,000,000 bytes, or 1,000 GB. External

hard drives may commonly be found at around 1-8 TB.
CD-ROM
Stands for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory."
CD-ROM is a read-only optical media format that uses CDs to store
data. A computer with an optical drive can read, but not write, data on
a CD-ROM. A single disc can store up to 700 MB of data. Some CD-
ROM discs, known as "Enhanced CDs," store a combination of audio
tracks and a data track. CD-ROM discs were often used to distribute
software and video games in the 1990s and 2000s before eventually
being replaced by higher-capacity DVDs.
CD-ROM vs. AUDIO CD
CD-ROM discs and audio CDs are physically identical, storing
and retrieving data in the same method. Digital data is encoded and
stored as a series of pits on a flat reflective layer on the bottom of the
disc. The laser in the optical drive reads these pits, then decodes the
data. The only difference between the two is how the data is
formatted — multiple PCM audio tracks on an audio CD, or a single
track containing data on a file system on a CD-ROM.
CD-ROM vs. AUDIO CD
An optical drive can spin a CD-ROM disc at a significantly
higher speed than an audio CD player. A CD spinning at the standard
rate for audio playback supports a data transfer rate of approximately
150 KB/s; at this speed, reading an entire CD-ROM full of data takes
almost 80 minutes. CD-ROM drives are classified by how many
times faster they can spin, with many drives capable of 40x (6,144
KB/s) or more.
Client-Server
A client-server network is a form of internet network that
consists of a single central computer functioning as a server and
directing several other computers, referred to as clients. Clients can
access shared files and information kept on the serving machine by
connecting to the server. Furthermore, client-server networks are
similar to peer-to-peer networks in principle, with the distinction that
only the server may begin a transaction.
What is a Client-Server Network? A client-
server network is a communications architecture in which clients
receive resources and services from a dedicated host over a local area
network (LAN) or a wide-area network (WAN), such as the Internet.
A dedicated server called a daemon may be used to wait for client
requests, at which point a network connection is established and
maintained until the client request is completed. A client-server
network facilitates data transmission while protecting the sent data.
Using the network is a smart solution for businesses looking for
quicker and more secure data transfer.
What are the Types of Servers?
1. Web Server: These servers establish a connection between your
computer and any saved data from an internet website.
Information for the internet is stored on web servers and is
obtained using "HTTP" code before being transferred to your web
browser. One of the most popular server types is this one.
What are the Types of Servers?
2. Virtual Machine (VM): Virtual machines only store and connect
data in virtual spaces, as their title indicates. A hypervisor, commonly
referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), is software that
allows IT teams to operate hundreds of virtual machines on a single
piece of real hardware. Because they are the most economical sort of
server to run, this server virtualization technique is commonly
utilized for data transit and storage.
What are the Types of Servers?
3. Proxy Server: Proxy servers operate as a bridge between a host
server and a client. After passing via the proxy's server, a proxy
transfers data from a website to the IP address of your machine. Since
the information is requested and then transported from the source to
the proxy server rather than straight from a client to another user, this
method offers an extra degree of protection. Numerous harmful
internet activities can be blocked by a proxy server.
What are the Types of Servers?
4. Application Server: Through virtual server connections, these
servers link clients to software programs. This enables users to access
programs without downloading data to their own devices. Application
servers are the best choice for companies because they can efficiently
host big volumes of application data for numerous users at once.
What are the Types of Servers?
5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Server: To transfer files from one
computer to another, FTP servers are utilized. Downloaded files are
extracted onto your device from the server, while uploaded files go
from your PC to the server. To connect computers securely and
transmit data, this process is known as the file transfer protocol.
What are the Types of Servers?
6. Database Server: Database servers act as substantial data
repositories that businesses may access and utilize to operate a
variety of applications. Any database design is not necessary for a
database server to function.

7. Mail Server: A mail server stores and delivers messages for users
via platforms that provide email services. Users don't need to run any
software on their own devices to access their email since mail servers
are configured to be connected to a network constantly.
What are the Types of Servers?
8. File Server: Multiple users' data files are kept on a file server. They
enable quicker file writing to computers and faster data retrieval.
When many users require access to files that are more readily and
securely saved on a server than on a personal computer, enterprises
frequently utilize this basic type of server.
What are the Types of Servers?
9. Domain Name System (DNS) Server: These servers convert
readable computer domain names into IP addresses written in
computer code. The DNS server utilizes user-supplied search
information to locate the requested address and send it to the client
device.

10. Collaboration Server: A collaboration server facilitates

connections when work has to be shared among several users. You
may exchange and store files, programs, and other substantial
amounts of data with these servers.
What are the Types of Servers?
11. Gaming Server: To link users from all around the world, large
gaming networks require servers. Multiplayer internet games are
hosted by these servers.
12. Management and Monitoring Server: Servers for administration
and monitoring perform a variety of tasks. They first take user
requests, record them, and track digital transactions. Others only keep
an eye on user activity and take no dynamic role in it. Network
managers who examine network health to look for dangers or flaws in
the system might use monitoring servers to respond to their requests.
What are the Types of Servers?
13. Print Server: To print across a network, a print server establishes
remote connections with nearby computers. Businesses now have the
option of using a single printer to support a whole department thanks
to these servers. When put in an office space, some printers even have
their own built-in server that is prepared to connect to a network.
Clipboard
The clipboard is a special location in a computer's memory that
temporarily stores copied data. It can hold any data type, including
text, images, video, and audio. It can even store entire files and
folders. Data can be added to the clipboard using the Copy or Cut
commands and placed in a new location using the Paste command.
Clipboard
The clipboard can (in most cases) store one piece of data at a time. It
does not clear its contents when you paste them, so you can paste the
same piece of data multiple times in different locations without
copying it again. For example, you can copy an email address from a
contact card and paste it into a web form or a text document without
copying it multiple times.
What is a Clock Rate?
The clock rate, or clock speed, of a computer is the rate at which a
central processing unit (CPU) is able to perform basic functions. It is
normally measured in megahertz, or millions of cycles per second, or
even gigahertz, which are billions of cycles per second. The clock
rate is useful for comparing the speed of chips made by the same
company, but is not a reliable way to compare different types of
computers because many other factors can determine the speed of a
computer. Instead, computers should be compared based on how
quickly they perform specific tasks such as loading graphics or
performing calculations.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF HIGH
CLOCK RATE
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
IMPROVED INCREASED POWER
PERFORMANCE CONSUMPTIONS
BETTER MULTITASKING INCREASED COST
GREATER EFFICIENCY LIMITED BY OTHER
FACTORS