STATISTICS-I

Chap-01: Statistics, Variable & concepts of different symbols

Contents:
Definition of Statistics
Origin and history
Uses, Scope, importance of Statistics
Functions of Statistics
Limitations of Statistics
Population, sample, variable
 Definition:
Generally, the numerical idea about anything is known
as Statistics.

In other way Statistics is a scientific way of collection,

organization, tabulation, presentation, summarization,
analysis of data in any field of investigation and
drawing a valid conclusion on it.
 Origin & history:

Statistics from- Latin word ‘Status’

Italian word ‘Statista’ (Political State)
German word ‘Statistik’
In 1749 the word ‘Statistics’ was firstly used. Once the
collection of information was run in the administrative and
military sectors of the state.
‘R. A. Fisher’ is known as the father of modern Statistics in the
world.
‘Kazi Motaher Hossain’ is the father of Statistics in Bangladesh.
 Uses, scopes, importance:
 Economics
 Commerce and Business
 Medical science
 Demography
 Weather
 Insurance & banking
 Agriculture
 Education
 Budget, Planning & forecasting
 Research
 Astronomy
 Defense
 Ministry and so on
 Functions of Statistics:
Collection of data
Organization of data
Presentation of data
Analysis of data
Interpretation of data
 Limitations of Statistics:
Statistics can analyze only a group of data
Statistics describes only numerical data
Statistics gives an approximate measures not
exact result
Statistics can be misused
 Some examples of Statistics:

 A single data is not Statistics such as

age of a Cadet of class XI is 17 years
but if a data represent a group of data then it can be a Statistics
such as average Cadets’ age of Class XI is 16.5 years.

 A group of mutual related data is a Statistics such as

Age(years) of 5 cadets in Class XI are: 16.2, 16.5, 16.7, 17.0, 16.8
But any group of data can’t be a Statistics if they aren’t related
to each other such as
16.2, 16.5, 16.7, 17.0, 16.8.
 Population and Sample:
Population:
An aggregate of elements or objects or individuals in any field of
investigation is known as population. Example: All cadets of MCC, All
trees of MCC, All employees of MCC, All Cadet desks of MCC etc.
It may be finite or infinite(all stars in sky, all fishes in a lake).

Sample:
A representative part of a Population is known as Sample.
Example: 60 cadets of MCC where 10 cadets from each class

* Statistics mainly uses the sample in analysis to draw a rapid

conclusion with minimum cost and time.
 Variable:
The characteristics which varies over individual to individual,
unit to unit is called variable.
Example: Height, weight, density, area, economic status etc.

Mainly two types. a) Qualitative or categorical variable

b) Quantitative variable

a) Qualitative variable: The variable which can’t be

expressed in numerical form.
Example: Color, sex, religion, economic status, occupation.
 Variable:
b) Quantitative variable: The variable which can
be expressed in numerical form.
Example: Height, weight, density, temperature.

Quantitative variable is two types

i) Discrete variable
ii) Continuous variable
 Variable:
i) Discrete variable: The quantitative variable
which contains isolated or separated values. It
may contain fraction values.
Example: Shoe size, screen size, no. of students,
family size, (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, …., 1.9)

ii) Continuous variable: The variable which can

take any values within a given range.
Example: Height, weight, income, (1<x<3)
 Scale of measurement:

It is a process of assigning numbers to variables.

There are four scales of measurement.

i) Nominal scale
ii) Ordinal scale
iii) Interval scale
iv) Ratio scale
 Scale of measurement:
i) Nominal scale: A scale that measures variable
nominally or by name only. It can’t be
comparable.
Example: Color, sex, religion, room no., mobile
no., flat no., cadet no., road no., jersey no.

ii) Ordinal scale: A scale that identifies the

variables in order. It can be comparable.
Example: economic status, Grade, rank, size etc.
 Scale of measurement:
iii) Interval scale: A scale that measures variable
numerically but there is no absolute zero.
Example: temperature, time, I.Q. score, GPA etc

iv) Ratio scale: A scale that measures the variable

numerically with absolute zero and can be done all
mathematical operation.
Example: height, weight, income, density etc.

• Nominal and ordinal variable are qualitative

• Interval and ratio variable are quantitative
 Some uses of symbols:
Summation: n
i) + + +…,+ = x
i 1
i
n

ii) + + + …, + = x i 1
2
i

iii)
=
n n
x
i 1
i x 2
i  X
i j
i Xj
iv) + i 1
 Some uses of symbols:
Summation:
v) If a and b are constants

v) + + +…,+ )(+ + +…,+ )= + + + …, + ++ + + …, + + …, +

+ + + …, +

n m n m

 X Y
i 1 j 1
i j  ( X i )( Y j )
i 1 j 1