Balancing of Reciprocating Masses

Dr.P.Ravinder Reddy,
Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineeing,
Chaitnaya Bhrathi Institute of technology.
Hyderabad-500075
Email:ravinderreddyp_mech@cbit.ac.in
Ph:9391033002
SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE
IN-LINE ENGINES-
3 , 4 ,5, 6 cylinders are Common
V-ENGINES – 4, 6, 8,10, 12 ,16
with 6 & 8 being popular
RADIAL ENGINES-
Four cylinder inline engine – crank arrangement

Ring
gear
6-cylinder inline engine
Crank arrangement
V-six engine – crank arrangement
Effect of Inertia forces in a SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE:

mA r 2 –due to rotating part

y
A
2 3

θ  B4
O2 x
m BA B
1 Cylinder wall
main bearing

mA r 2 –inertia force due to revolving masses

[mB r 2 (cos θ+ cos 2 θ/ n + ……. )]

-inertia force due to reciprocating masses
 F23

F32
3

Tg
F21
F43
F12

F41

x
Shaking force, F 21
= mBAB

Shaking couple , T = x F41

Forces on the frame of the engine

x
Shaking force, F 21
= mBAB
shaking force
Forces of
shaking couple

x
Shaking force, F 21
= mBAB
 y
A
2 3

F21y

F21
θ=t
 B 4
F21x O2 x
1
main bearing F 14

F21x – unbalanced inertia force along the line of

stroke

F21y & F 14 - unbalanced couple on the engine

cylinder
 x
unbalanced force, F 21
= mBAB

= mB {r 2 (cos θ+ cos 2 θ/ n + ……. )}

Secondary disturbing
B {r 
= mPrimary cos θ}
2 disturbing
+ m r
force
B 2
{cos 2 θ/ n }
force
 Secondary mA
Imaginary crank
mB= piston mass
mB 
2 3
2
r/4n 4
θ=t
F21x O2 x
1 B
m A - mass at crank radius representing revolving masses
of the crank shaft

m B - imaginary mass at crank radius equal to

reciprocating masses

x
F 21
= mB r 2 {cos ωt} + mB r 2 {cos 2 ωt / n}
 mB r 2
mB
balancing force
2

b B r B 2 cos ωt θ=t
mB r 2cos ωt
1 Primary disturbing
force

b B r B 2
b B r B 2 sin ωt
this force  to line stoke not balanced

b B r B= mB r
for 100 %Balancing along the line of stroke
Then now we are balancing
fraction of reciprocating mass i.e
cm, Where c is the fraction of
balance mass and m is the
reciprocating mass
cm+
Example :
Data given :
Engine : Single cylinder oil engine
Stroke : 375 mm
speed : 300 rpm

Mass of the reciprocating parts : 68 kg

Revolving parts : 81.5 kg at crank radius

Radius at which balance mass to be introduced at 180 o

: 150 mm

Nature of balancing to be obtained : whole of the revolving parts

&
one-half of the reciprocating parts

To find : 1. Required balancing mass

2. Residual unbalanced force on the main bearing

Solution :

The total equivalent revolving mass at

crank radius which has to be balanced = 81.5 + 68 X 0.5
= 115.5 kg
Crank Radius=Stroke/2= (375/2) mm radius= r b

We have. M b X r b = 115.5 X (375 /2)

Where M b is the balancing mass

& r b is radius of the balancing mass

Balancing mass @ 150 mm radius = 115.5 X (375 /2) / 150

Balancing mass = 144.375 kg

Contd..
Calculation of residual unbalanced force :

 = (2 X  X 300 ) /60
=31.4 rad /s

Unbalanced force parallel to the line of line of stroke

( due to reciprocating mass)
F parallel = [ ½ X {68  2 r cos }]

Unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of line of stroke

( due to reciprocating mass)
F perpendicular = [ ½ X {68  2 r sin }]

Total unbalance Force

Total unbalanced force ,F = ½ X 68  2 r

= ½ X 68 X 31.4 2 X 0.1875
= 6,286 N
MULTI CYLINDER IN-LINE ENGINES:

Common crank shaft

driven by number of connecting rods

Angular interval between successive cranks ,

(2 / n) in the case of 2-stroke engine

(4 / n) in the case of 4-stroke engine

Where ‘n’ is the number of cylinders

firing order influences balancing condition

Effect of unbalanced inertia forces due to reciprocating masses:
Line of stroke

Couple effect
Condition for complete balance of primary disturbing forces
In a multi cylinder in line engines

Q
Line of stroke
Line of stroke
b g
a f
c h

o d e
1
2

3 Q’
4
ml n s
r
End view P
of the
cranks
Line of stroke
rotated