Permanent Joints: Rivets

• For steel plates the rivets are normally made in low carbon
steel.
• Copper rivets improve resistance against corrosion and
aluminum rivets can be used to reduce the overall weight of
the structure (airplanes).
• The low carbon steel is standardized in composition
particularly for boiler, bridge, ship applications.

Types of Rivets
• Rivets with counter sunk head as in Fig. 3.2(b) and oval
counter sunk rivets shown in Fig. 3.2(c) are not as strong as
button head rivets as in Fig. 3.2(a) .
• They are used only when protruding rivet heads are
objectionable.
 Types of Rivets
• Pan heads and conical heads, Figures 3.2(d) and (e) are less
frequently used and are difficult to form.
• Tubular rivets, Figures 3.2(f) and (g) are special deviation
from solid rivet shank. These rivets are used in aircrafts.
 Types of Rivets
The riveted joints are classified according to position of plates as
(i) lap joint and
(ii) butt joint.
• In a lap joint the edges of plates are simply laid over each
other and riveted.
• Figures 3.4(a) and (d) show lap joints.
• Plates placed end-to-end and jointed through cover plates
form single cover butt joint.
• Such joints are shown in Figures 3.4(b) and (e).
• Figure 3.4(c) shows the butting plates covered by two straps
and then riveted.
• Such joint is called double cover butt joint.
 Types of Rivets
The Classification of riveted joints
 Rivet Failures
• Rivet joint failure is possible in four locations:
• 1- Shearing stress failure in rivets
• 2- Tension stress failure of plate.
• 3- Bearing/crushing stress failure of plate and rivet.
• 4- Shearing stress failure of plate margin near the rivet
hole.
• Shearing stress failure in rivets: the most common of rivet
failures. It is the breakdown of the rivet shank by forces acting
along the plane of two adjacent sheets, causing a slipping
action which may be severe enough to cut the rivet shank in
two.
• Tearing of the plates at sections weakened by holes
• Crushing of Plate and Rivet
• Shearing of Plate Margin near The Rivet Hole
 Rivet Failure Modes
1. Shearing of Rivets
• The failure will occur when all the rivets in a row shear off
simultaneously.
• In a lap joint failure due to shear may occur only along one
section of rivet as shown in Figure 3.7(a).
• In case of double cover butt joint failure may take place along
two sections in the manner shown in Figure 3.7(b).
 Rivet Failure Modes
2. Tearing of the plates at sections weakened by holes
• If tensile force P is to cause tearing, it will occur along weakest
section, which carries the row of rivets.
• The plate at any other section is obviously stronger, and hence
does not fail.
 Rivet Failure Modes
3. Crushing of Plate and Rivet
• Due to rivet being compressed against the inner surface of the
hole, there is a possibility that either the rivet or the hole
surface may be crushed.
• The area, which resists this action, is the projected area of hole
or rivet on diametral plane (see Figure 3.8).
 Rivet Failure Modes
4. Shearing of Plate Margin near The Rivet Hole
• Figure 3.9 shows this mode of failure in which margin can
shear along planes ab and cd.
 Permanent Joints: Welds
• Welding can be defined as a process of joining metallic parts
by heating to a suitable temperature with or without the
application of pressure.
Advantages of Welding Joints (compared with other joints)
– Lighter weight since added material is less
– Less expensive
– Easily and economically modified/altered
– Tight and Leak proof
– Production time is less
– No hole drilling
– Smooth and good appearance
– Strength is high
– Can weld any shaped components in difficult locations
– Higher Efficiency (>95% possible)
10
 Welding Classifications
• Welding

11
 Welding Classifications
• Gas Welding

12
 Welding Classifications
• Electric Arc Welding

13
 Welding Classifications
• Forge Welding

14
 Welding Classifications
• Electric Resistance Welding

15
 Welding Classifications
• Butt Welded Joints

16
 Welding Classifications
• Fillet Welded Joints

17
 Welding Classifications
Tee, Corner, Edge Welded Joints
• It is assumed that the section of the fillet weld is an isosceles
right angled triangle (right: Double Transverse Fillet Weld under Tension)

18