IB

Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Starter-Group Activity
Topic 1
Anatomy

Decide whether the following statements are true or false

Sub-topics 1. There are over 1,000 muscles in your body.

2. Skeletal, or voluntary, muscles are the muscles you can control.
1. The Skeletal
System 3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones.
2. The Muscular 4. Your heart is a muscle.
System

5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much.

6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much.
7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker
8. You don’t need more than 30 min. of physical activity every day.
9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play through the pain
and it will go away.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Starter-Group Activity
Topic 1
Anatomy

Decide whether the following statements are true or false

Sub-topics STARTER – Group Activity

Decide whether the following statements are true or false:
1. The Skeletal
System
10. A balanced diet:
2. The Muscular
System
a) Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free
or low-fat dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt.
b) Includes protein from lean meats, poultry, seafood,
beans, eggs, and nuts.
c) Is low in solid fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, salt
(sodium), added sugars, and refined grains.
d) All of the above
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Starter-Group Activity
Topic 1
Anatomy

Decide whether the following statements are true or false

Sub-topics 1. There are over 1,000 muscles in your body.

1. The Skeletal
-False. There are over 600 muscles in the body.
System
2. Skeletal, or voluntary muscles are the muscles you can control.
2. The Muscular
System True. You can control your skeletal muscles to walk, run,
pick up things, play an instrument, throw a baseball, kick a soccer ball,
push a lawnmower, or ride a bicycle
3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones.
False. Ligaments connect bones to other bones. Tendons connect muscles
to bones.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Starter-Group Activity
Topic 1
Anatomy

Decide whether the following statements are true or false

Sub-topics 4. Your heart is a muscle.

True. The heart is a special muscle called “cardiac muscle.” It works constantly
1. The Skeletal
System
to pump blood through your body.
2. The Muscular 5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much.
System

True. Muscles can be strained by stretching them too much, as when you lift
something that is too heavy.
6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much. False. Sprains happen
when ligaments (which connect bones to bones) are stretched too much. A
stretching injury to a tendon (which connects a muscle to a bone) is called a strain.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Starter-Group Activity
Topic 1
Anatomy

Decide whether the following statements are true or false

Sub-topics 7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker

1. The Skeletal
True. If a muscle is not used, it will get smaller and weaker. This is
System

known as atrophy.
2. The Muscular
System
8. You don’t need more than 30 minutes of physical activity every day.
False. You should get at least 60 minutes of exercise every day. It
doesn’t have to be a whole hour all at once, but it does need to be in at
least 10-minute increments to count toward your 60 minutes of physical
activity per day.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Starter-Group Activity
Topic 1
Anatomy

Decide whether the following statements are true or false

Sub-topics 9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play through the

1. The Skeletal
pain and it will go away.
System

False. If something starts to hurt, stop playing or exercising. You

2. The Muscular
System
might just need to rest the injured part, or you might need to see a
doctor.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Starter-Group Activity
Topic 1
Anatomy

Decide whether the following statements are true or false

Sub-topics 10. A balanced diet:

1. The Skeletal
a) Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat
System
dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt.
2. The Muscular
System b) Includes protein from lean meats, poultry, seafood, beans, eggs, and
nuts.
c) Is low in solid fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), added
sugars, and refined grains.
d) All of the above
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics

Topic 1
Anatomy

common to muscle tissue

Sub-topics Learning Objectives

1. The Skeletal
Everyone should
System
Distinguish between the different types of muscle
2. The Muscular
System Outline the general characteristics common to muscle
tissue
Most will
Identify the location of skeletal muscles in various regions of the body
Some might
Explain the need for antogonistic pairs
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal  Smooth

System
 Cardiac
 Skeletal
2. The Muscular
System

DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme.

IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Now complete the Types of Muscles section Anatomy
in your workbook!
Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Sub-topics
Different types muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscles (striated and voluntary muscles)
are those which attach to bones and have the main function
1. The Skeletal of contracting to facilitate movement of our skeletons.
System
Striated-appearance of light and dark stripes

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
Now complete the Types of Anatomy
health science
Muscles section in your workbook!

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Sub-topics
Different types muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscles

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Now complete the Types of
Sports,
exercise and Anatomy
health science
Muscles section in your workbook!

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Sub-topics
Different types muscle tissue
Smooth muscle
(Unstriated) Involuntary muscle due to our
1. The Skeletal
System inability to control its movements.

2. The Muscular
Found in the walls of hollow organs such
System as the stomach, esophagus, bronchi and
in the walls of blood vessels.
IB
Now complete the Types of
Sports,
exercise and Anatomy
health science
Muscles section in your workbook!

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Sub-topics
Smooth muscle
Different types muscle tissue

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Now complete the Types of
Sports,
exercise and Anatomy
health science
Muscles section in your workbook!

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Sub-topics
Different types muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle only in the
1. The Skeletal
System
walls of the heart.

2. The Muscular
System
Similar to:
skeletal muscle -striated

smooth muscle-
involuntarily controlled
IB
Sports,
exercise and
Now complete the Types of Anatomy
health science
Muscles section in your workbook!

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types
of muscle
Sub-topics
Different types muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle
1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Group Thought
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy
What do we use our muscles for?
Topic 1 • Skeletal muscles
Anatomy
contract exerting
forces on the tendons
Sub-topics
• Tendons then pull on
the bones causing
1. The Skeletal
System
joint movement
2. The Muscular
System

• Generating body heat

IB
Group Thought
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy
What do we use our muscles for?
Topic 1
Anatomy • Postural muscles
stabilize and maintain
Sub-topics body positions
1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Group Thought
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy
What do we use our muscles for?
Topic 1
Anatomy
• Movement of
substances within
Sub-topics
the body e.g.
1. The Skeletal
System
peristalsis
2. The Muscular
System

Now complete the Functions of Muscles

section in your workbook!
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Muscle Structure
Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics

Topic 1
Anatomy

common to muscle tissue

Sub-topics

• Contractility: ability to receive and respond to

1. The Skeletal
System
stimuli via generation of an electrical pulse which
causes contraction of the muscle cells
2. The Muscular
System • Excitability: ability to shorten.
• Extensibility: ability of muscle to lengthen.

• Elasticity: ability of muscle to return to normal size.

IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics

Topic 1
Anatomy

common to muscle tissue

Sub-topics

 Atrophy: is the wasting of muscle tissue

1. The Skeletal
System
 Hypertrophy: is the increase in size of muscle
tissue.
2. The Muscular
System

 Controlled by nerve stimuli.

 Fed by capillaries.
DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics

Topic 1
Anatomy

common to muscle tissue

Sub-topics Can you write a definition for the words below without
using your notes?
1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
 Epimysium: This is the connective tissue
wrap just under the deep fascia that
Sub-topics surrounds the entire muscle
 Perimysium: This connective tissue
surrounds each individual fascicle (bundle
1. The Skeletal of muscle fibers).
System
 Endomysium: This is the connective
tissue
2. The Muscular
System wrapped around each
individual muscle cell (fiber).
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy
Individual Activity
Carry out the investigation in your
Sub-topics
workbook “The effect of temperature on
1. The Skeletal
System
muscle function”
2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Sub-topics
 Muscle fibers are made up of a group of myofibrils.

1. The Skeletal
System
 Myofibril: the muscle cells are filled with cylindrical structures called myofibrils.
These contain the myofilaments whose action is responsible for the contraction of the myofibrils
2. The Muscular
System and therefore the muscle as a whole.
Solomon & Davis
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Sub-topics Muscle Structure

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Sub-topics
 There are 2 kinds of
myofilaments:
1. The Skeletal
System
(Thick and Thin)
 Myosin: thick filaments
2. The Muscular
System  Actin: thin filaments

A unit of thick and thin filaments is known as a

Sarcomere.
These structures hold the key to muscle
contraction. Because of the staggered thin and
thick filaments it has the effect as one might pull
a rope towards oneself hand over hand.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal
muscle
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
Sub-topics
v=xhgDbjrrmFg
1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of Anatomy
skeletal muscle
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of Anatomy
skeletal muscle
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 The Origin and Insertion

Anatomy
•When a muscle contracts, only one bone moves
leaving the other stationary. The points at which
Sub-topics the tendons are attached to the bone are known as
1. The Skeletal
the origin and the insertion.
System
•
2. The Muscular
System •The origin is where the tendon of the muscle
joins the stationary bone(s).
•The insertion is where the tendon of the muscle
joins the moving bone(s)
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy Origin

Sub-topics
Now complete the
section in your
workbook
1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
Arm is
being
flexed Insertion

The radius and ulna are the moving bones- INSERTION

The humerus and scapula are stationary bones- ORIGIN
IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy 1.2.4 Define the terms origin and insertion of
muscles
Sub-topics

 Origin: the point where the tendon attaches to the bone

1. The Skeletal which does not move during muscle action.
System
 Insertion: the point where the tendon attaches to the
2. The Muscular bone which moves during an action.
System
 e.g. Action of biceps muscle: Scapula is origin (Proximal
point) and radius is the insertion. (distal point)
DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy
Antagonistic Muscles
• Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are
Sub-topics
attached to the bones by strong cords known as
tendons.
1. The Skeletal
System • They work in pairs, each contracting or
2. The Muscular
System
relaxing in turn to create movement.
Ex.Biceps brachii and triceps
brachii work in what is called
Antagonistic Muscle Action.
As one muscle shortens the other
one lengthens.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Flexion (Bending) of the Arm

Anatomy

• The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating

the movement is called the agonist.
Sub-topics
• The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement
1. The Skeletal
take place is called the antagonist.
System

2. The Muscular
System Agonist Antagonist
(The biceps (The triceps
contract) relaxes)

• Other muscles support the agonist in creating movement and these are
called synergist (neutralizer).
• Fixator (stabilizer) muscles that allow the agonist to work, stabilizing
the origin
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
STARTER – Label the diagram
Anatomy Using the muscles listed below

* Transverse abdominus
Sub-topics * Internal Oblique
1. The Skeletal
System
* External
Oblique
2. The Muscular
System
* Pectoralis
Major
* Rectus abdominus
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Anterior muscles

Anatomy
Rectus Abdominus
External obliques
Sub-topics
Internal obliques
Transverse Abdominis
1. The Skeletal
System
Deltoid
Pectoralis major & minor
2. The Muscular
System Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Quadriceps group
(rectus femoris, vastus intermedialis, vastus medialis,
vastus lateralis.)
Tibialis anterior
Biceps brachii
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System

Exercise: Crunches
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 External Obliques

Anatomy

Movement: Flexion
Sub-topics
Origin: Lower eight ribs
1. The Skeletal
System

Insertion: Ilium
2. The Muscular
System

Exercise: Russian Twist

http://videos.bodybuilding.com/video/30361/Exercise-Guides-R
ussian-Twist-MaleShort-Clip
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Internal Oblique

Anatomy

Movement: Flexion and

Sub-topics
rotation of the spine
1. The Skeletal
System
Origin: Ilium,
2. The Muscular Thoracolumbar Fascia
System

Insertion: Ribs 8-12

Exercise: Twisting Crunches

IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Transverse Abdominus

Anatomy

Movement: Compresses abdomen

Sub-topics
Origin: Iliac Crest, Ribs 12-16, Inguinal Ligement
1. The Skeletal

Insertion: Xiphoid Process and Pubic Symphasis

System

2. The Muscular
System

Exercises: Flutter
Kicks, Superman,
Bicycles
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Deltoid
Anatomy

Movement: Flexion, Extension

Sub-topics
and Abduction of the shoulders
1. The Skeletal
System
Origin: Clavicle and Scapula
2. The Muscular
System

Insertion: Lateral Humerus

Exercise: Back press

Military press
Overhead press
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Pectoralis Major

Anatomy

Movement: Flexion, Adduction of the shoulder

Sub-topics
Origin: Clavicle,
1. The Skeletal
System
Sternum, Anterior Ribs

2. The Muscular
System Insertion: Humerus

Exercise: Bench press

IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Pectoralis Minor

Anatomy

Movement: Assists serratus anterior and Adduction of

Sub-topics
the Scapula
Origin: Anterior Ribs
1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular Insertion: Scapula

System

Exercise: Bench press

IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Iliopsoas
Anatomy

Movement: Flexion of the hip

Sub-topics
Origin: Ilium and Lumbar Vertebrae
1. The Skeletal
System

Insertion: Inner Femur

2. The Muscular
System

Exercise: Sit-ups
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Sartorius
Anatomy

Movement: Flexion, Abduction and lateral rotation of

the hip.
Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System
Origin: Ilium
2. The Muscular
System Insertion: Medial Tibia
Exercise: Walking Lunges
Jump lunges

http://www.builtlean.com/2011/09/29/j
ump-lunges-plyometric-leg-exercise/
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Quadriceps
Anatomy
Movement: Flexion at the hip
Extension at the knee
Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System

Exercise: Squats
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Tibialis Anterior
Anatomy Movement: Dorsiflexion

Origin: Lateral tibia

Sub-topics

Insertion: 1st metatarsal and 1st

1. The Skeletal
System cuneiform
2. The Muscular
System

Exercise: Toe raises

IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii
Flexion Extension
Sub-topics
Origin: Scapula Origin: Scapula and
1. The Skeletal
Humerus
Insertion: Radius and Ulna Insertion: Ulna
System

2. The Muscular
System

Agonist: Biceps
Antagonist: Triceps

Exercise: Biceps curls

Triceps extensions
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy
Body Draw

Sub-topics
• Draw around one of your
group members on butcher
paper.
1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System • Without looking at your
notes, shade in and label all
the muscles you can remember
from last lesson!
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Posterior Muscles
Anatomy Triceps brachii
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Sub-topics
Gluteus maximus
1. The Skeletal
Hamstrings group
System
(biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
2. The Muscular
System
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Erector spinae
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii
Flexion Extension
Sub-topics
Origin: Scapula Origin: Scapula and
1. The Skeletal
Humerus
Insertion: Radius and Ulna Insertion: Ulna
System

2. The Muscular
System

Agonist: Biceps
Antagonist: Triceps

Exercise: Biceps curls

Triceps extensions
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Trapezius
Anatomy
Movement: Extension and adduction of the shoulder

Sub-topics
Origin: Cervical and thoracic
vertebrae, base of the skull
1. The Skeletal
System
Insertion: Clavicle and Scapula
2. The Muscular
System

Exercise: Shrugs, Seated Row

IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Latissimus Dorsi
Anatomy

Movement: Adduction and

internal rotation of the shoulder
Sub-topics joint.
1. The Skeletal
System Origin: Sacrum, Ileum, Thoracic
2. The Muscular
and Lumbar Vertebrae
System

Insertion: Humerus

Exercise: Chin-ups. Pull-downs

IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Latissimus Dorsi
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Gluteus Maximus

Anatomy
Movement: Extension and rotation
of the hip
Sub-topics

Origin: Posterior Ilium, Sacrum

1. The Skeletal
System
and Coccx
2. The Muscular
System Insertion: Femur and IT band

Exercise: Deadlift
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Gluteus Maximus

Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Hamstrings
Anatomy

Movement: Flexion of the knee and extension of the hip

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System

Exercise: Leg Curls

IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Gastrocnemius
Anatomy
Movement: Knee Flexion and Plantarflexion

Sub-topics

Origin: Posterior Femur

1. The Skeletal
System

Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles

2. The Muscular
System Tendon

Exercise: Calf Raises

IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Soleus
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System

Exercise: Seated
calf raises
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Erector Spinae

Anatomy

Movement: Extension
Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal Origin: ribs, Vertebrae, Ilium

System

2. The Muscular
System Insertion: Ribs and Vertebrae

Exercise: Chest raise

IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy
Body Draw

Sub-topics
• On the other side of your
first drawing, make a duplicate
body.
1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System • Without looking at your
notes, shade in and label all
the muscles you can remember
from last lesson!
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.3 Annotate the structure of Anatomy
skeletal muscle
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy
Homework:
Go to the following site and go through the discussion.
Pay close attention to the parts on Actin and Myosin.
Sub-topics
In your notebooks write an explanation of how Actin
1. The Skeletal
and Myosin function within muscle cells.
System

2. The Muscular
System
http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/
0471393878/instructor/animations/
actin_myosin/actin_myosin.swf
IB
Sports,
exercise and
Recruitment of Muscle Tissue Anatomy
health science

Topic 1 Muscle “adapts”

Continuum of Physical Activity
Anatomy
to meet the Strength
habitual level of Trained
demand placed
on it, i.e. level of
Sub-topics
physical activity.
1. The Skeletal
This results in Load
System muscular Endurance
hypertrophy Trained
2. The Muscular
System
which is a result Controls
in an increase
of myofibrils as a
result of Inactivity
increased
exercise. Frequency of recruitment

Adapted from Faulkner, Green and White In: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health, Ed.
Bouchard, Shephard and Stephens Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994
IB
Sports,
exercise and
Recruitment of Muscle Tissue Anatomy
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy Level of physical activity determined by the
frequency of recruitment and the load.
Sub-topics Increase muscle use
•endurance training
1. The Skeletal •strength training
System
(cannot be optimally trained for both strength and endurance)
2. The Muscular
System
Decrease muscle use
•prolonged bed rest
•limb casting
•denervation
•space flight.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
Recruitment of Muscle Tissue Anatomy
health science

Topic 1 Endurance training

Anatomy
Little hypertrophy but major biochemical adaptations within
muscle fibers.
Sub-topics Increased numbers of
mitochondria;
1. The Skeletal
System concentration and
2. The Muscular
activities of oxidative
System
enzymes (e.g.
succinate
Control 12 week Treadmill
dehydrogenase, see
below). Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity:
Low activity light High activity dark
IB
Sports,
exercise and
Recruitment of Muscle Tissue Anatomy
health science

Topic 1 Disuse causes atrophy -- USE IT OR LOSE IT!

Anatomy

Muscular Atrophy is a result of decrease in myofibrils

through disuse
Sub-topics
Individual fiber atrophy (loss of myofibrils) with no
1. The Skeletal
loss in fibers.
System
Effect more pronounced in Type II fibers.
2. The Muscular
System
“Completely reversible” (in young healthy
individuals).

Control Cast for 6 weeks

IB
Sports,
exercise and
health science
Aging and Muscle Performance Anatomy

Topic 1
Anatomy
Performance Declines with Aging
Despite maintenance of physical activity

Sub-topics 100
Performance (% of Peak)

80
1. The Skeletal
System
60

2. The Muscular 40
System Shotput/Discus
20 MarathonBasketball (rebounds/game )
0

10 20 30 40 50 60
Ages (years)

Write a CONCLUSION for this graph

Try and explain what you see not just describe
IB
Sports,
exercise and
Aging and Muscle Performance Anatomy
health science

Topic 1
Age-related changes in muscle
Anatomy

Muscle loses size and strength as we get older, which

can contribute to fatigue, weakness and reduced
Sub-topics
tolerance to exercise. This is caused by a number of
1. The Skeletal
factors working in combination, including:
System
•Muscle fibers reduce in number and shrink in size.
2. The Muscular •Muscle tissue is replaced more slowly and lost muscle
System
tissue is replaced with a tough, fibrous tissue.
•Changes in the nervous system cause muscles to have
reduced tone and ability to contract.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
Aging and Muscle Performance Anatomy
health science

Age-related changes in bone

Topic 1
Anatomy
Bone is living tissue. As we age, the structure of bone
changes and this results in loss of bone tissue. Low bone mass
means bones are weaker and places people at risk of breaks
Sub-topics
from a sudden bump or fall.
1. The Skeletal Bones become less dense as we age for a number of
System
reasons, including:
2. The Muscular
System
•An inactive lifestyle causes bone wastage.
•Hormonal changes – in women, menopause triggers the loss
of minerals in bone tissue. In men, the gradual decline in sex
hormones leads to the later development of osteoporosis.
•Bones lose calcium and other minerals.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
Aging and Muscle Performance Anatomy
health science

Age-related changes in joints

Topic 1
Anatomy
In a joint, bones are cushioned by cartilage that lines
your joints (articular cartilage), synovial membranes around the
joint and a lubricating fluid inside your joints (synovial fluid).
Sub-topics
As you age, joint movement becomes stiffer and less flexible
because the amount of lubricating fluid inside your joints
1. The Skeletal
System decreases and the cartilage becomes thinner. Ligaments also tend
2. The Muscular
to shorten and lose some flexibility, making joints feel stiff.
System
Many of these age-related changes to joints are caused
by lack of exercise. Movement of the joint, and the associated
‘stress’ of movement, helps keep the fluid moving. Being
inactive causes the cartilage to shrink and stiffen, reducing joint
mobility.
 Design Lab

Use your “Design Check list” to complete this design internal

assessment.

Investigate the effects of sensory deprivation on performance.

Using the general aim given above, design (D) your own
scientific investigation to answer this question.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1 Group Activity

Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy
Myosin ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase)
is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical
reaction:
Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate
System

2. The Muscular
System ATP hydrolysis provides energy for actomyosin
contraction.

Myoglobin
is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle
tissue.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Glycogen
Sub-topics

is a multi-branched polysaccharide of
1. The Skeletal
System
glucose that serves as a form of energy
2. The Muscular
System storage in animals. The polysaccharide
structure represents the main storage
form of glucose in the body.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy
In humans, glycogen is made and
stored primarily in the cells of the
Sub-topics
liver and the muscles, and funtions as
1. The Skeletal
System
the secondary long-term energy
2. The Muscular
storage (with the primary energy
System
stores being fat cells found in adipose
tissue. Muscle glycogen is converted
into glucose by muscle cells.
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System
IB
Sports,
exercise and
1.2.4 Define the terms origin and Anatomy
insertion of muscles
health science

Topic 1
Anatomy

Sub-topics

1. The Skeletal
System

2. The Muscular
System