MORPHOLOGY

ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS
• MAIN OBJECTIVES
• To know the
• General characters of plants
• General characters of angiosperm
• Morphology
 ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS
Contd…..

• General characters of plants

• Generally multicellular, photosynthetic and eukaryotic
• Cell wall is made of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
• Do not show locomotion except lower groups
• Mode of nutrition is autotrophic, parasitic (Cuscuta),
saprotrophic (Monotropa), symbioitic (legumes), insectivorous
(pitcher plants)
• Growing point are at tip of body
• Show slow response towards the external stimuli
• Reproduction is done by both sexual and asexual mode
• Sexual method comprises alternating haploid and diploid stages
 ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS
Contd…..

• General characters of Angiosperm

• Coined by Paul Hermann (1690)
• 2 Greek words Angeion - casing/ covered / case, sperma – seed
• About 12,500 genera and 250,000 species
• Smallest : Wolffia microscopia (<0.5cm), tallest Australian
Eucalyptus (110m)
 ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS
Contd…..

• General characters of Angiosperm

• They bear seeds enclosed within fruit. i.e closed seed
• Plant body is represented by sporophyte which is differentiated
into root stem and leaves.
• Sporophyte shows wide range of variations like climber, erect,
annual, biennial etc.
• Almost all angiosperms are autotrophic, very few are
saprophytes (Monotropa, Allotropa), parasites (Cuscuta)
• They possesses well developed conducting tissue.
• Flower is highly reduced modified branch and its parts are
modified leaves.
 ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS
Contd…..

• General characters of Angiosperm

• Plant may be monoecious or dioecious
• Female gametophyte is known as embryo sac which has 7 cells
and eight nuclei.
• Double fertilization and triple fusion is typical feature of
angiosperm.
• Endosperm is formed by triple fusion, thus it is triploid
• A fertilize ovule develops seed and ovary becomes fruit
 ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS
Contd…..

• General characters of Dicot plant

• Possess embryo which has two cotyledons.
• Have leaves with reticulate venation.
• Root of the dicots is usually primary tap root system.
• Show secondary growth.
 ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS
Contd…..

• General characters of Dicot plant

• The vascular cambium is present which later give rise to the
secondary xylem and phloem.
• The floral whorls are found as four or five or a multiple of it.
• The stem possesses the vascular bundle arranged in a ring
pattern.
• The pith is absent in the root
 ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS
Contd…..

• General characters of Monocot plant

• Possess embryo which has only one cotyledon.
• Have leaves with parallel venation
• Root of the monocots is usually fibrous root system.
• Plant does not show secondary growth.
 ANGIOSPERMIC PLANTS
Contd…..

• General characters of Monocot plant

• The vascular cambium is absent.
• The floral whorls are found as three or multiple of it.
• The stem possesses the vascular bundle arranged in a scattered
manner.
• Numerous vascular bundles or xylem and phloem groups are
seen.
• The pith is prominent in the root.
 MORPHOLOGY
• Greek words Morphe – forms and logos – study
• Study of form and gross structure including relative position and
different parts of plants
• Study of external features of an organism
• Habit and habitat, Root, Stem, Leaf, Inflorescence, Flower,
Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium, Fruit, Symbols for
floral, Formula, Floral formula, Floral diagram, Identifying
characters, Classification, Economically important plants
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Habit: determined by height, duration and nature of stem

• Herb: with non-persistent stem.

• Shrub: woody stem having branches just above the ground.
• Tree: with persistent stem, having trunk
• Ephemeral: complete life cycle with in 4-6 weeks. Argemone,
• Annual: life cycle complete within one season
• Biennial: life cycle complete within in two season
• Perennial: life continues for many years
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Habitat: Place of occuracnce

• Hydrophyte: grows on aquatic habitat Hydrilla, Water Lily
• Mesophyte: grows on adequate amount of water. Mango, Rose
• Xerophyte: grows on less supply of water Cactus
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Parasite: depends upon other living plants for food. Cuscuta

• Saprophyte: depends upon dead and decaying organic matter.
Monotropa
• Epiphytes: grows on other plants only for support. Orchids
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Root: undergroud, non cholorphyllous, positive geotrophic in

nature, helps in absroption and achoring

• Parts of root:
• Root cap
• Region of cell division
• Region of elongation
• Region of maturation
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Types:
• Tap root: develops form radical portion of embryo is called
primary root. It grows directly downward bearing many
lateral roots. All these are called as tap root.
• Adventitious root: develops from any parts of except radicle
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Modificaiton of tap root

• Fusiform: primary root swollen at middle
and gradually taper at both ends. Radish
• Napiform: almost spherical at the base
and suddenly tapering towards the apex.
Turnip
• Nodulated: having many nodules. Pea.
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Adventitious root:
• Types
• Fibrous root: base of stem, which are slender, thread like. Rice
• Foliar root: develops from leaves. Rubber plant
• True adventitious root: develops from nodes and internodes of
stem. Maize
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Modification of Adventitious root

• Prop root: arise from main stem or branches, grow vertically or
obliquely downward. Banyan, peepal
• Stilt root: grow from lower nodes give rise a ring of stout and
slender roots. Maize
• Fasiculated: tubercular roots appear in cluster at the base of
stem. Asparagus, Dahlia
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Coralloid root: adventitous root infected by cynobacteria and

becomes stout, dichotomously branched and form coral shaped.
Helps in Nitrogen fixation. Cycas
• Mycorrhizal root: Roots associated with Mycorrhizal fungi so
that roots become thick leathery. Pinus
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Stem : green ascending axis, aerial part of plants develop from

plumule of embryo bearing leaves, flowers and fruits

• Parts of stem
• Node
• Internode
• Axil
• Bud
• Axillary bud
• Terminal bud
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Character of stem
• Aerial : lies above the ground
• Sub-aerial: lies partly above and under the ground
• Underground: lies under the ground
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Aerial
• Erect: grows almost
perpendicular to the
ground
• Reduced: highly condensed
and form disc like structure
just above the base of root.
Radish
• Weak: thin and soft stem,
need support to grow
upright. Sweet potato,
bittergaurd.
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Weak
• Climber: grow upward by the help of different clinging structures.
pea, cowpea
• Twinner: coil around the supporting structure. sweet potato,
Cuscuta
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Sub-aerial (prostrate)
• Trailer: grow horizontal on the ground without any upright
branches or roots. Purslane, Euphsorbia
• Runner: grow horizontally with erect shoot and roots from each
nodes. Oxalis, Cynodon
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Underground:
• Tuber: swollen end of underground stem with buds. Potato
• Corm: condensed form of rhizome with vertical downward growth
in the soil, oval or spherical shapes. Colocasia
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Rhizome: thick and fleshy underground stem that grows

horizontally near the soil surface. Ginger, turmaric
• Bulb: underground spherical structure consisting of a dis or reduced
stem with number of scale leaves.
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Characters of stem
• Aerial: lies above the ground
• Sub-aerial: lies partly above and under the ground
• Underground: lies under the ground
• Brached: having branches
• Unbranched: without branches
• Erect: grow perpendicular to ground
• Prostrate: lying parallel to ground
• Cylindrical: outline of the stem is cirular
• Angular: outline of the stem cosists of angles. Salvia, Rubus
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Herbaceous: stem of herb plant. Mustard

• Woody: stem of trees and shrubs. Mango
• Solid: completlely filled with cells. Apple
• Fistular: hollow stem. Bamboo
• Glabrous: without hairs. Sugarcane
• Pubescent: with hairs. Calotropis
• Spiny: having spines. Cactus
• Colour of the stem:. Tradescantia
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Leaf: green dorsi-ventrally flattened, exogenous, lateral out growth

arise from the shoot meristem, photosynthetic appendages of the
plant

• Parts of leaf
• Leaf base
• Petiole
• Leaf lamina
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Character of Leaf:
• Radical: arise from the reduced stem lying near the root. Radish
• Cauline: arise from the main stem. Mustard
• Ramal: arise from the branches. Mango, apple
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Phyllotaxy: mode of arrangement of leaves on stem or branches

• Alternate: single leaf arise from each node. Maize
• Whorled: more than two leaves arises from single node in circular
manner. Hydrilla
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Opposite: two leaves arise from single node opposite direction

Decussate opposite: leaves of adjacent nodes are right angle to
each other. Calotropis
Superimposed opposite: leaves of adjancent nodes are parallel to
each other. Guava
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Modification of leaf:
• Storage leaf: leaves become thickened and succulent to store, help
to resist desiccation. Aloe, Agave.
• Leaf tendrils: thin, wiry, slender and coiled structure. Pea
• Spines: sharp and pointed structure. Opuntia, Berberis
• Scale leaf: thin, dry, stalkless, membranous sometimes fleshy
structure. Onion, Ficus
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Stipule: extra outgrowth at leafbase

• Stipulate: having stipule
• Exstipulate: without stipulate
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Stipulate

• Types
• Foliaceous stipule: large leaf like. pea
• Adnate: two lateral stipule fused on petiole. Rose
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Petiole: stalk of leaf

• Petiolate: with petiole
• Sessile: without petiole
• Sub-sessile: highly reduced petiole
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Modification of Petiolate
• Pulvinous: swollen petiole. Pea, soyabean
• Winged: wing like structure. Citrus
• Spongy: sponge like nature. Water hyacinth
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Simple leaf: without leaflets

• Compund leaf: with many leaflets

• Types
• Pinnately compound leaf:
• Palmately compound leaf:
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Pinnately compound leaf

• Types
• Unipinnately compound leaf:
• Paripinnately compound leaf: Ceratonia
• Imparipinnately compound leaf: Rose
• Bipinnately compound leaf: Acacia
• Tripinnately compound leaf: Moringa
• Decompound leaf: Coriandrum
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Pinnately compound leaf

 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Compund leaf

• Types
• Palmately compound leaf
• Unifoliate compound leaf: Citrus
• Bifoliate compound leaf: Prensepia
• Trifoliate compound leaf: Trifolium
• Quadrifoliate compound leaf: Marsilea
• Multifoliate leaf: Cannabis
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Palmately compound leaf

 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Shape of lamina:
• Ovate: broader at base and pointed at apex. Mango
• Acicular: long, narrow, cylindrial needle shaped. Pine, onion
• Linear: long, narrow, flattened. Maize, rice.
• Lanceolate: lance shape, oval shape with pointed at aped. Bamboo
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Elliptical: oval in shape, middle portion widest and both end are
slightly rounded and narrow. Guava
• Reniform: kidney shaped. Geranium
• Lyrate: large terminal lobe and many small lateral lobes. Radish
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Incision of lamina:
• Pinnatifid: leaf lobed half way to mid-rib watermelon
• Pinnatisect: leaf lobed almost to base or mid rib. Marigold
• Palmatifid: leaf divided into lobes to about middle, at acute angle
to each other. Castor wat
• Palmatisect: palmate with division nearly to base. Artemesia
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Shape of margin:
• Entire: margin is smooth and undissected. Mango
• Wavy: margin is wave like appearance. Solanum
• Serrate: margin is saw like.Rose
• Dentate: like serrate but teeth make right angle with margin and
directed outward. watermelon
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Shape of apex:
• Obtuse: apex is blunt or rounded. Banyan
• Acute: apex is pointed forming an acute angle. Maize
• Mucronate: rounded apex with abruptly pointed. Pea
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Leaf sufrace:
• Pubescent: with hairs. Cocumber
• Glabrous: without hairs. Mango
• Glaucous: shiny and green. Citrus
• Rough: surface is harsh to touch. Maize
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Venation:
• Reticulate: Dicot
• Parallel: Monocot
• Unicoasted: Mango
• Multicoasted: Papaya
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Inflorescence: mode of arrangement and distribution of flower or

flowers on floral axis (peduncle).
• Solitary: single flower
• Terminal solitary: Rose
• Axillary solitary: Hibiscus
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Racemose: floral axis grow indefinitely and gives flowers laterly

acropetal succession.
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Racemose:
• Raceme: racemose inflorescence with stalked flower. Mustard
• Spike: racemose inflorescence with stalkless flower. Amaranthus
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Panicle (compound raceme or racemose of raceme) : main axis

branched and flowers are arranged in acropetally. Paddy, Mango.
• Spikelet (compound spike or locusta): main axis branched and
flower are arranged in a spike.
• Corymb: Racemose inflorescence with shortened main axis and
flower with longer axis up to level of main axis. Candy tuff
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Cymose: basipetal succession

• Monochasial or Uniparous cyme: cymose inflorescence in which
main axis terminates into flower and produces only one lateral
branch which again terminates into flower.
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Monochasial cyme:
• Types
• Helcoid: uniparous cyme in which the lateral branches developed
succesively on the same side forming a sort of helix. Begonia,
Drosera
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Scorpioid: uniparous cyme in which the lateral braches developed

in a zig- zag manner. Heliotropium, Tecoma
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Dichasial or Biparous cyme: cymose inflorescence on which main

axis terminares into flower and produce two lateral branches into
flowers. Dianthus, Nyctanthes
 MORPHOLOGY
Contd…..

• Polychasial or Multiparous cyme: cymose inflorescence in which

main axis terminates into flower and give rises many lateral braches
which again terminates into flower. Calotropis, Hamelia
 FLOWER
• Condensed shoot that is espically modified for the sexual
reproduction in angiosperm having receptacle on which sepals,
petals, stamens and carpels are inserted.
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Bract: modified small leaves which bear either single flower or

group of flowers.
• Bracteate: presence of bract. Hibiscus
• Ebracteate: absence of bract. Mustard, apple.
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Modification of bract
• Petaloid: flower are inconspicuous and bracts are large coloured
petal like. Baugainvellea
• Glumes: small, dry, scaly bracts associated with spikelets. wheat
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Pedicel: stalk of flower

• Pedicellate: presence of stalk. Mustard
• Sessile: absence of stalk. Achyranthes
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Symmetry
• Actinomorphic: can be divided into equal halves from any plain
passing through centre. Mustard, Hibicus
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Zygomorphic: can be divided into equal halves from any one plain
passing through the centre. Iberis, Orchid
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Asymmetrical: cannot be divided into equal halves from any plain.

Maranta
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Complete: all four parts are present. Rose, Mustard

• Incomplete: lacking any one of the floral whorl. Rice, Maize
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Bisexual: both androecium and gynoecium are present. Mustard

• Unisexual: either androecium or gynoecium is present in flower
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Unisexual
• Staminate: flower with androecium only. Mango, apple
• Pistillate: flower with gynoecium only. Cucumber, Maize
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Depending upon number of floral member in each whorl, flower are

• Dimerous: when floral members are two or multiple of two.
Papaver
• Trimerous: when floral members are three or multiple of three.
Musa, Argemone, Allium.
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Tetramerous: when floral number are four or multiple of four.

Brassica, Iberis
• Pentamerous: when floral number are five or multiple of five.
Solanum, Hibiscus.
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Shape of flower:
• Cruciform: four petals are arranged in a whorl to form of cross.
Brassica.
• Papilionaceous: five petals are arranged showing butterfly shape.
Pisum, Lathyrus.
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Tubular: lower portion of petals to from tube like structure. Disc

floret of sunflower
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Campanulate: bell shape. Cucumber, Withania

• Infundibuliform: funnel shape. Datura
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Types of flower based on position of ovary on the thalamus

• Determines the relative position of floral parts.
• Hypogynous: ovary superior and other floral parts are arise from
base of ovary. Mustard, Hibiscus
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Epigynous: thalamus enlarges that covers the ovary completely. i.e

ovary inferior and other floral parts are arises from top of ovary.
Cucumber, Pumpkin, Marigold
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Perigynous: margin of thalamus partly covered the ovary from

where calyx, corolla, and androecium arise. Prunus, Rose
 FLOWER
Contd…..

• Colour:
 CALYX
• Outermost whorl of flower
• Sepal: unit of calyx

• Number of sepals

• Colour
• Sepaloid: green colour. Rose,
Hibiscus
• Petaloid: coloured state like
petals. Mustard
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Duration
• Caducous: sepals falls immediately after opening of flower. Poppy
• Deciduous: sepals fall after pollination. Mustard
• Persistent: Remain attached till fruit mature. Tomato, Binjal
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Aestivation: mode of arrangement of sepals or petals during bud

 CALYX
Contd…..

• Valvate: the sepals or petals meet by their edges and do not

overlap each other. Solanum
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Twisted (controted): each sepals or petals successively overlapped

with each other.
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Imbricate: one is completely

external, one is completely internal
and remaining three are partially
overlapped each other
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Quincuncial: Two sepals or petals

external, two internals and fifth one
is partially external, partly internal.
Cucurbita, Ranunculus.
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Descending imbricate: posterior sepals or

petals overlap the two lateral, the later
overlapping the two anterior. Pea, bean
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Ascending imbricate: posterior

completely overlapped by lateral,
while two anterior sepals or petals
overlapping them. Cassia, Bauhinia
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Polysepalous: free petals. Rose, Mustard

• Gamosepalous: fused petals. Solanum, Datura
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Shape of sepals
• Campanulate: bell shaped. Solanum
• Infundibuliform: funnel shaped. Datura
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Tubular: tube shaped. Solanum

• Boat shaped: Brassica
 CALYX
Contd…..

• Position of calyx
• Superior:
• Inferior:
 COROLLA
COROLLA Contd…..

• Second colourful whorl of flower

• Petal: unit

• Number of petals:

• Cohesion:
• Polypetalous: petals are free. Mustard
• Gamopetalous: petals are fused. Solanum
 COROLLA
Contd…..

• Polypetalous:
• Cruciform: four petals are diagonally arranged forming crossed
shaped having claw and limb. Brassica
• Papilionaceous: five petals, posterior large petal overlapped middle
two petals and later overlapped anterior two fused petals giving
butterfly shaped. Pea, soyabean.
 COROLLA
Contd…..

• Gamopetalous:
• Campanulate: five petals fused to form bell shaped. Solanum
• Tubular: lower portion of petals fused together forming tube like
structure. Disc floret of sunflower and marigold
 COROLLA
Contd…..

• Infundibulform: the terminal portion expanded to give funnel like.

Datura
• Aestivation
• Valvate:
• Imbricate:
• Twisted:
• Vexillary:
• Quincuncial:

• Position
• Superior:
• Inferior:
•
 PERIANTH
• The indistinguishable form of sepals or petals
or single whorl of floral leaf
• Tepal: unit

• Colour:
• Petaloid: colour like petals. onion
• Sepaloid: green or sepal like. Date palm

• Polytepalous: free condition

• Gamotepalous: fused condition

• lodicule: fleshy and translucent perianth.

 ANDROECIUM
• Male reproductive whorl of flower
• Stamen: unit of androecium, having anther, filament and
connective.
• Staminodes: non-functional stamens
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• Number of stamens:
• Definite: up to ten. Mustard
• Indefinite: more than ten. Rose

• Cohesion:
• Polyandrous: free stamens
• Synandrous: fused stamens
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• Polyandrous:
• Didynamous: four stamens arranged in
two whorls, two of which are long and
two are short. Ocimum
• Tetradynamous: six stamens are
arranged in two whorls, outer whorl
consists of two shorter stamens and
inner whorl has four long stamens.
Brassica, Radish
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• Synandrous:
• Adelphous: filaments are fused and anther
free.
• Monadelphous: filaments of all stamens
are fused together to form a single bundle.
Hibiscus
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• Diadelphous: filaments are fused together to form two bundles.

Pea
• Polyadelphous: filaments are fused together to form many bundles.
Citrus
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• Epipetalous: stamens are attached to the

petals by their filaments. Solanum.
• Syngenesious: stamens are united by
anther and filaments are free. Marigold,
sunflower
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• Length
• Inserted: stamens are shorter than flower. Passion flower
• Exserted: stamens are longer than flower. Ioxra, Mussaenda
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• No of anther locule
• Monothecous: having single chamber. Hibiscus
• Dithecous: having two chamber. Mango
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• Fixation: attachment of filament with anther

• Basifixed: filaments are attached at base of anther. Mustard, radish
• Dorsifixed: filaments are attached on dorsal side of anther. Prunus
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• Adnate: anthers attached on either sides of filaments. Magnolia,

Ranunculus
• Versatile: anther attached with filament from dorsal side and can
swing on any direction freely. Grasses
 ANDROECIUM
Contd…..

• Introrse: anther facing towards pistil. Solanum

• Extrorse: anther facing away from pistil. Papaver, Argemone

• Position
• Superior:
• Inferior:
 GYNOECIUM
• Female reproductive whorl of flower
• Carpel: unit of gynoecium, differentiate into ovary, style and stigma
• Pistillode: a rudimentary pistil
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Number of carpel:
• Monocarpellary: ovary with single carpel. legume
• Bicarpellary: ovary with two carpels. Sonchus
• Tricarpellary: ovary with three carpels. Allium cepa
• Tetracarpellary: ovary with four carpels. Duranta, Berberis.
• Pentacarpellary: ovary with five carpels. Melia, Hibiscus
• Multicarpellary: ovary with many carpels. Papaver
GYNOECIUM
Contd…..
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Coheison:
• Apocarpous: each carpels free from each other to form gynoecium.
• Syncarpous: all carpels are fused forming a compound gynoecium.
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Positon of ovary
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Positon of ovary
• Superior: ovary occupies highest position of thalamus and sepals,
petals and androecium are successively inserted below it. Solanum,
Brassica.
• Inferior: thalamus completely covers the ovary and sepals, petals
and androecium are borne on top of ovary, Cucumber, Pumpkin
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Semi-inferior: the thalamus grows around the ovary to form a cup

and bears sepals, petals and stamens on the rim of cup. Prunus,
Rosa
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Number of locule (chamber)

• Unilocular: ovary with single locule. Pisum
• Bilocular: ovary with two locules. Solanum
• Trilocular: ovary with three locules. Musa, Ephorbia
• Tetralocular: ovary with four locules. Ocimum, Salvia
• Pentalocular: ovary with five locules. Hibiscus, Geranium
• Multilocular: ovary with many locules. Citrus
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Placentation: the arrangement or distribution of placentae in the

ovary
• Axile: placenta develops from the vertical central axis where the
ventral suture of carpel fused. Solanum, Citrus
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Marginal: placenta develops from the fused margin of the carpel .

Pea
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Parietal: placenta borne on innerwall of the ovary corresponding

with fused margins. Mustard
• Basal: placenta occurs from base of ovary. Marigold
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Style: elongated tubular part of ovary between stigma and ovary

• Long: length of style is more than that of ovary. Mustard
• Short: length of style is less than that of ovary. Solanum
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Stigma: terminal part of a carpel that receive pollen grains for

pollination
• Capitate: cap or knob like. Pea, Malvastrum
• Linear: stigma simple without any modification.
 GYNOECIUM
Contd…..

• Plumose: feather like stigma. Wheat

• Bifid: stigma forked into two. Marigold
 FRUIT
• Ripened ovary of the flower, enclosing seed
• Seed: develop from ovule

• Types
• Simple
• Aggregate
• Multiple or composite
 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Simple: fruit develops from a single ovary.

 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Aggregate fruit: fruit develops from a flower having

number of free carpels, grouped on common receptacle
and ripe together. Raspberry, Blackberry, Strawberry etc
 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Multiple or composite fruit: develops from a number of

closely associated fruit and derived from the entire
inflorescence. Jackfruit, Pineapple, Mulberry.
 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Dehiscent: rupture itself after maturity. Soyabean,

mustard
• Indehiscent: do not rupture itself on maturity. tomato
 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Dry: without juice on maturity. groundnut, pea

• Fleshy: with juice on maturity. Berry, tomato
 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Siliqua: long, narrow fruit developing from bicarpellary

syncharpous with parietal placentation. The ovary one chambered
at beginning but later becomes two due to formation of a false
partition wall called replum. At maturity, the fruit dehisces from
base to upward. Brassica, Radish.
 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Silicula: a short and broad siliqua with relatively few seeds.

Capsella bursa-pastoris, Iberis amara.
 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Capsule: a single or multi chambered fruit develops from

multicarpellary superior or inferior ovary with many seeds and
dehisces by pores (Papaver), or may split into many valves.
Ladies finger, Hibiscus, Datura
 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Berry: a superior, indehiscent, usually many seeded fleshy or

pulpy fruit developing from a single carpel or syncarpous ovary.
Tomato, grapes.
• Legume or pod: develops from a monocarpellary , unilocular
and superior ovary. Pea, gram.
 FRUIT
Contd…..

• Lomentum: similar to legume but constriction can be seen

between seeds. Groundnut, broad bean
• Caryopsis: small one seeded develop from monocarpellary,
superior ovary where seed coat fuses with pericarp. Grasses
 FLORAL FORMULA
• The summarized account of the •
Actinomorphic ⊕
floral characters of a plant or a
represented by symbols. • Zygomorphic %
• The characters and their
symbols by which are • Bisexual
represented are as follows:
• Unisexual
• Bracteate Br • Staminate
• Ebracteate Ebr
• Pistillate
• Bracteolate Brl
• Ebracteolate Ebrl
 FLORAL FORMULA
Contd ……….

• Calyx K • Androecium A
• Sepal free Kn • Stamens fee An
• Sepal fused K(n) • Stamens fused A(n)

• Corolla C • Gynoecium G
• Petals free Cn • Carpel free Gn
• Petals fused C(n) • Carpel fused G(n)

• Perianth P • Ovary inferior G

• Tepals free Pn • Ovary superior G
• Tepals fused P(n)
 FLORAL FORMULA
Contd ……….

• Flower: Ebracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, actinmorphic,

bisexual, pentamerous, cyclic, hypogynous
• Calyx: sepals five, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation
• Corolla: petals five, gamopetalous, alternate with sepals, valvate
aestivation
• Androecium: stamens five, polyandrous, epipetalous, alternate
with petals, connivent anther, dithecous
• Gynoecium: carpels two, bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary superior,
obliquely placed, bilocular with many ovules in each locule,
swollen placenta, axile placentation

• Floral formula: Ebr Ebrl ⊕ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)

FLORAL DIAGRAM
• Diagrammatic representation
of the pooled up informations
from transverse sections of
the flower bud in relation to
mother axis.
 FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….

• The axis to which the flower is

attached is called mother axis.
• The side of the flower towards the
mother axis is known as posterior
side.
• The side away from the mother axis is
called as anterior side.
• Bract is drawn as a single arc on the
anterior side.
• Bracteoles are drawn on both lateral
side.
 FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….

• Calyx is drawn as whorl of arcs representing the number of sepals.

• Numbers of sepals are shown by numbers of arcs.
• If sepals are free, the arcs are shown free.
• If sepals are fused, the margins of arcs are joined.
 FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….

• Corolla is drawn inner to calyx as a whorls of arcs representing petals.

• Numbers of petals are shown by numbers of arcs.
• If petals are free, the arcs are shown free.
• If petals are fused, the margins of arcs are joined.
 FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….

• Aestivation are shown according to its types.

• Relation of odd sepals or odd petals with mother axis is also
shown.
 FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….

• Stamens are shown inner to the whorl of petals either in one

whorl or in two whorls or arranged spirally.
• Symbols of stamens are drawn separately if they are free.
• Symbols of stamens are joined by solid line by solid line if they are
fused.
 FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….

• The relative position with regard to petals or sepals is also drawn

in the diagram.
• If they are epipetalous, the symbols of stamens are joined to
petals with solid lines.
 FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….

• Gynoecium is drawn in the centre of

floral diagram.
• Apocarpous is shown by drawing a
number of separate circles.
• Syncarpous condition is drawn as fused
circles representing a transverse section
of the ovary.
• Other features like placentation,
number of locules, number of ovules,
swollen placenta are shown accordingly.
 FLORAL FORMULA
Contd ……….

• Flower: Ebracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, complete,

actinmorphic, bisexual, pentamerous, tetracyclic, hypogynous
• Calyx: sepals five, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation
• Corolla: petals five, gamopetalous, alternate with sepals, twisted
aestivation
• Androecium: stamens five, polyandrous, epipetalous, alternate
with petals, dithecous, connivent anther
• Gynoecium: carpels two, bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary superior,
obliquely placed, bilocular with many ovules in each locule, axile
placentation, swollen placenta
• Floral formula: Ebr Ebrl ⊕ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….
FLORAL DIAGRAM
Contd ……….