BULE HORA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTIMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

COURSE TITLE:THERMAL AND MASS TRANSFER UNITE

COURSE CODE:Iche4092

PROJECT TITLE: SUGAR PRODUCTION

Sugar Processing Technology
Outline
1.Introduction
2.Raw Materials for sugar Production
3.Processdescriptions and major unit operations of sugar
process technology
4.Sugar Processing block flow diagram
 Introduction
 Sugar is a broadterm applied to a large number of
carbohydrates present in many plants & characterized by a
more or less sweet taste.
 Saccharum is the Latin word for sugar & the derived term
saccharide is the basis
of a system of carbohydrate classification.
 Monosaccharide's : Include glucose (dextrose), fructose,
galactose, xylose and
ribose.
 Monosaccharaides are the building blocks of disaccharides and
polysaccharides
 Disaccharides: such as sucrose (common sugar composed of the
monomers glucose and fructose), lactose (consisting of the
monomers glucose and galactose) and maltose ( malt sugar,
formed by a dehydration reaction between two glucose
molecules.) 1
 Polysaccharides: are long chain of monosaccharides linked
by glycosidic bonds eg. Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and
chitin
 Sugars is obtained from plants, largely sugarcane and sugar
beet plants
 Sugar is a vital ingredient in most of our daily consumption,
for example: Soft drinks, juices, tea, bakery items, deserts,
etc.

2
 Raw Materials for sugar Production
 The main raw materials for sugar production are :

Sugarcane Sugar beet

4
 Raw Materials for sugar Production
 Juices of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and sugar beet
(Beta
vulgaris) are rich in pure sucrose.
 In commercial usage, the term sugar usually refers to sucrose.
 Sucrose is a disaccharide sugar that occurs naturally in every fruit and
vegetable.
 Sugar occurs in greatest quantities in sugarcane & sugar beets from which it
is separated for commercial use.
 For now we focuses on sugar production from sugarcane
 Other materials in sugar production includes:
 Water for washing cane and for increasing extraction yield
 Lime, char and SO2 : acts as bleaching agent/decolorizer
 Calcium phosphate as flocculent
 CO2: acts as acidifying agent

5
 Cane sugar
 The sugarcane is a thick, tall, perennial grass
that
flourishes in tropical or subtropical regions.
 Sugar synthesized in the leaves is used as a source
of
energy for growth or is sent to the stalks for storage.
 It is thesweet sap in the stalks that is the source
of
sugar as we know it.
 The stem accumulates sugar to about 15% of its weight.
 Other sugar crops include sweet sorghum, sugar maple,
6
 Cane sugar
 The types of sugar used today are white sugar (fully refined
sugar), composed of clear, colorless or crystal fragments; or
brown sugar, which is less fully refined & contains a greater
amount of treacle residue, from which it obtains its color.
 The sugar industry processes sugar cane and sugar beet to
manufacture edible sugar.

7
 Sugar beet
 A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose
and which is grown commercially for sugar production.

 Sugar beet is a white, parsnip-like taproot which makes sugar through the
process of photosynthesis in its leaves, then stored in its root. It has a
content of about 16% sugar, and goes through an extraction process that
separates the sugar from the plant.

8
 Process descriptions and major unit operations of
sugar process technology
 The following are the general steps in sugar production:
1. Planting and harvesting of sugarcane
2. Transport and Handling
3. Washing, Cutting of canes, Shredding/Slicing
4. Milling
5. Clarification
6. Filtration
7. Evaporation
8. Crystallization
9. Centrifugation/separation
10. Refining
11. Drying
12. Storage/packing

9
 Planting and harvesting

Planting sugarcane
 Sugarcane takes about seven months to in a tropical area
&
mature
about 12-22 months in a subtropical area.
 Select healthy sugar cane plants

 Split the sugar cane stems into foot-long pieces

 Dig furrows in a sunny planting spot

 Moisten the furrows

 Plant the sugarcane

 Wait for the sugarcane to grow and mature

10
Harvesting
 At this time, fields of sugarcane are tested for sucrose, &
the most mature fields are harvested first. Harvesting can be
done in two ways:

Manual harvesting Mechanical/machine harvesting

11
 Animals

Trucks Tractor
12
Process descriptions and major unit operations of
sugar process technology

13
14
 Washing, Cutting of canes, Shredding/Slicing

 Washing the sugarcane before processing i.e. removing dirty

 Cutting operation is the first operation in industry
 Cutters/cane knifes are mechanical equipment which is used to cut
the canes into desired size
 Shredder is used to remove leaves and undesired solid particles from
cane

Washer Cane knife Shredder 15

 Milling For Extraction of Juice

 Milling is process of crushing the sticks of sugar cane to extract the juice.
 The shredded cane is fed through a series of crushing mills to extract the sugar
rich juice.
 Consists of three roller mills connected in series:

 Top roller

 Feed roller

 Discharge roller
 These used to extract the juice from crushing sticks.
 To make the mill process more efficient, the poor juices of the subsequent
millings are reprocessed (mashing process) and hot water is applied in the
last milling to increase the extraction.
 Bagasse is produce as a by product. 16
 Milling For Extraction of Juice

Bagasse

17
 Milling For Extraction of Juice

 Products of Milling are:

Juice Bagasse
18
 Clarification
 In clarification process sludge, mud, suspended and colloidal particles are
removed by some chemical compounds.
 Raw cane juice are filled in clarifier (conical shape vessel), where phosphoric
acid/ Calcium phosphate, lime and Sulphur dioxide are mixed with the help of
agitator.
 When these chemicals are mixed, suspended and colloidal particles are collect in
flock and resulting settled down.
 Neat and clean juice comes out from the upper section of clarifier, sludge
and
mud are collected in bottom and drainage to rotary filter.
 Lime and SO2 : acts as bleaching agent

 Calcium phosphate as flocculent

 CO2: acts as acidifying agent 19

  Filtration

 Clarified mud from the clarifier further filtered in rotary filter.

 Mud & sludge are stick on the periphery of rotating drum by the action of

suction.

 Solid cake removes from the drum by doctor blade.

20
 Evaporation
 Evaporators are used in process industry to concentrate liquids.

 The operation is performed normally by use of low pressure, dry & saturated
steam.
 The evaporator consist a heat exchanger in inner section.

 In the evaporator feed interred at upper section and concentrated thick liquor
exit at bottom section.
 Multiple effect evaporator increase quality

21
 Crystallization
 In the field of engineering crystallization process considered as mass
transfer
operation.
 Purest form of substance is obtained.

 The object of the process is usually the recovery of the solute (crystals) from
the
solvent.
 Process consist 3 major events:

 Clustering

 Nucleation

 growth 22
 Centrifugation/Separation
 Massecuite (mixtures of crystals and mother liquor (Molasses) resulting from
the crystallization sent to centrifugation unit
 Separate sugar from molasses /mother liquor

 Centrifuge operates at 100-1800 rpm

 Molasses pass through perforations

 Sugar crystals are washed with 85°C water

 Raw sugar and molasses produced Centrifuge

Raw Sugar
Molasses

23
 Refining
 A sugar refinery is a refinery which processes raw sugar into white refined sugar.

 Refining process consist of 4 step; •

1) Affination: Dissolving off some surface impurities

2) Carbonatation : Removing further impurities that precipitate from solution with calciu
carbonate

3) Char filtration : Removing further impurities with activated carbon

4) Recovery: using a vacuum process (see salt recovery).

 The liquor left over from the preparation of white sugar and the washings from t
affination stage both contain sugar which it is economic to recover.

Raw Sugar
Refined Sugar

24
25
 Storage/packaging
 Packing is final process of sugar manufacturing process.

 Containers opaque, airtight, moisture/odor proof

 Glass canning jars or cans for liquid sugars

 Factors affecting sugar storage are:

 Temperature

 Moisture

 Quality of sugar

 Light

 Grain size and distribution par

 Compression Imperial Sugar

26
Sugar Processing block flow diagram

27