The Modified z-transform

M. Sami Fadali
Professor of Electrical Engineering
University of Nevada

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 Why do we need it?
• To evaluate a sampled function between
sampling points.
• Insert a delay Td < T before the sampler.

y(t) yd(t) T yd(kT)

Delay Td

 y (t  Td ), t  0
y d (t )  
0, t0
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 Effect of Delay
• Causal sequence: zero amplitude for
negative time.
• Delay always results in a zero at t = 0
regardless of the signal amplitude.
• Break up delay into time advance by a
fraction of period followed by delay by one
period to avoid inappropriate values at t = 0.

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 Decompose Time Delay

Example: with
delayed by one sampling period

Sample the delayed waveform with period T

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 Z-transform

• Answer depends on the shape of

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2.5

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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 Example 2.22: Step
• The step function has fixed amplitude for
all time arguments.
• Shifting it or delaying it results in no
change in the sampled values.
• The modified z-transform

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 Example 2.23: Exponential

Time advance scales the waveform by

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Sampling for the Modified Z-transform

exp (  𝑎𝑇 ( 𝑘+ 𝑚 1 ) )
exp ( 𝑎𝑘𝑇 −𝑇 )

exp (  𝑎𝑘𝑇 )

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 Numerical Values

• For