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4th Lecture 4 Classifucation of Metals in Biological System
4th Lecture 4 Classifucation of Metals in Biological System
Lecture 4 Classifucation of
metals in biological system
1
Key points
• Many “inorganic” elements are essential for
life
• Organisms make economic use of available
resources, but also have developed
mechanisms to accumulate certain elements
• Despite the low amount of metal ions present
in living systems, they are enormously
important for virtually all life processes
• Both deficiency and overload/excess lead to
illness
2
CONTENT
• Historical Background
• ➢ Introduction
• ➢ Classification
• i. Elemental composition of biological systems
• ii. Essential elements and trace elements
• iii. Conditions for Essentiality
• iv. Elemental mass abundance in a 70 kg human
• ➢ Evolution of biological roles for essential metals
• ➢ Factors influencing the acquisition of metal ions by
biological systems
• ➢ Biological ligand
• Types of ligands in biological system
• ii. Hard and soft ligand
• iii. Chelate Effect
Overview
a) Synopsis of important properties of metal ions
b) Geometries and electronic structures of metal ions in
Biological System
c) Thermodynamics: complex stability and site selectivity
• Stability constants
• Charge
• Ionic radii
• HSAB principle
• Irving-Williams Series
• Other effects
• pKa values and the competition of metals with protons
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Geometries
Metal ion Preferred geometries in small high-
Fe(III), d5
Co(III), d6 Causes: see Ligand-field
theory and steric factors
Cr(III), d3 octahedral > others
Mn(II), d5
Ni(II) d8
8
Oxidation states
+7 X
¡
+6 X
¡ X
l X
l
+5 ¡ X
l X
l
+4 ¡ ¡ X
l ¡ l
+3 ¡ X
l ¡ ¡ l ¡ ¡ l
+2 ¡ X
l X
l X
l ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
+1 ¡ l l ¡
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
¡: common in chemistry
: Less common in chemistry
X : Not available to biology
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Competition with protons
• Both metal ions and H+ are positively charged
and have an affinity for bases
• The actual concentration of a complex ML
therefore depends on [M], [L], and [H+]
• Low pH high [H+]: ML complexes dissociate
Effective (or apparent or conditional) stability
constants
10
Function in Biology and Affects of Metal Deficiency in Humans
Elemental Composition of the Adult Human Body
Bulk or Constituent Elements:H, O, C, N, Ca, P, Na, K, S, Cl
Trace Elements:Mg, Si, F, Fe, Zn, B, Rb, Sr, Br, Cu
Ultra Micro Trace Elements:V, Li, Se, Mn, Ba, Ge, As, Ni, Mo,
Cd, I, Sn, Cr, Pb, Co
• ❖Essentiality of elements is defined by
• (1) A physiological deficiency appears when the element is
• removed from the diet
• (2) The deficiency is relieved by the addition of that element to
the diet
• (3) A specific biological function is associated with the element
• Consequences:
• ➢At lowest dosages organism does not survive.
• ➢In deficiency regions, the organism exists with less than
optimal functions.
• ➢After optimal dosage (plateau region), higher dosage cause
toxic effects
• in the organism eventually leading to lethality
CLASSIFICATION
• ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF BIOLOGICALSYSTEMS
• Results of the chemical analysis of biological samples:
• practically all elements of the periodic table (min. 50-
70 element) can be detected in real biological samples
so far by the analytical instruments (Bertrand diagram).
Dose Response: Essential Elements
(Bertrand diagram)
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS (CONDITIONS FOR ESSENTIALITY)
❖ Positive physiological response can be ascribed to their presence in the
case of several species.
❖ They occur in well defined concentration range in each species
❖ Deprival (from food) will results in reproducible and negative physiological
changes.
These effects can be reversible or at least reduced by addition of the given
element.
❖ Their deficiency and excess is connected with well defined diseseases.