Macro Skills and

Listening

 Is a prerequisite to understanding. It is the skill of gasping and decoding information during the exchange of
messages.
 Listening is the beginning of understanding and a valuable key to effective communication.
 It is the task of getting the meaning of what’s being heard.
10 Steps to Effective Listening

Step 1 : Look at the speaker in the face and eye.

Step 2 : Focus and give attention but relax.
Step 3 : Be open- minded.
Step 4 : Listen and picture what the speaker is saying.
Step 5 : Don’t speak while the person is talking.
Step 6 : When the speaker pauses, you may ask clarifying questions.
Step 7 : Ask relevant questions.
Step 8 : Put yourself in the speaker’s place.
Step 9 : Give feedback.
Step 10 : Focus as well to nonverbal cues.
 Speaking

 Is the ability that makes us superior to other species.

 It is a complex cognitive and linguistic skill that involves words and sounds.
 It also involves:
- Meaning: connotation, denotation, grammar
- Sociality, Relationship: formal, informal, slang, turn-taking
- Cultural Issues: Class, Ethnicity, Nationality, Religion, Gender, Dialect
- Performance: articulation, projection, pronunciation
- Sound Elements: how volume pitch, pace, and nature of sound complement/
contradict/ replace words
 An example of connotative meaning is
the word “blue,” as in “I'm feeling
blue.” If you were using the word
denotatively and said, “I'm feeling
blue,” your friends would wonder why
your skin was actually turning blue!

Grammar explains the forms and structure of

words (called morphology) and how they are
arranged in sentences (called syntax). In other
words, grammar provides the rules for common
use of both spoken and written language so we
can more easily understand each other.
 Is the ability that makes us superior to other species.
 It is a complex cognitive and linguistic skill that involves words and sounds.
 It also involves:
- Meaning: connotation, denotation, grammar
- Sociality, Relationship: formal, informal, slang, turn-taking
- Cultural Issues: Class, Ethnicity, Nationality, Religion, Gender, Dialect
 - Performance: articulation (the formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech.)"the
articulation of vowels and consonants“. projection (Voice projection is the strength of speaking whereby the voice is
used loudly and clearly in order for the audience to hear what is being spoken about. It is a technique used to
make sure the audience of your speech are alert and hearing your speech.) , pronunciation (the way in
which a word is pronounced.) Enunciation is how clearly you say the words and its pieces.
- Sound Elements: how volume pitch, pace, and nature of sound complement/ contradict/
replace words
 Turn-taking occurs in a conversation when one person listens while the other
person speaks. As a conversation progresses, the listener and speaker roles are
exchanged back and forth (a circle of discussion).
Functions of Speaking

 Interaction is seen in social conversations.

 Transaction happens when someone wants to cut across a message.
There is an act to be done after the message is received.
 Performance is when an audience accepts the message spoken. There is
an emphasis on accuracy, the sequencing of ideas, the form and the
organization.
Reading

 Is a variety/ multifaceted process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.
 Learn how readers integrate these facets to make meaning from print.
 Reading is making meaning from print. It
requires that we:

 Identify the words in print – a process called word recognition

 Construct an understanding from them – a process called comprehension;
and
 Coordinate identifying words and making meaning so that reading is
automatic and accurate – an achievement called fluency
Reading Category Outline:

A.Oral Reading
B.Silent Reading
I. INTENSIVE
a. linguistic
b. context
II. EXTENSIVE
a. skimming
b. scanning
c. global
A. Oral Reading is reading aloud. This can be technique to improve poor readers’ word recognition in context.
By reading aloud, the person learns to correct and detect errors that the reader produced. It improves proper pronunciation and
enunciation.

B. Silent Reading
II. Extensive Reading
 Skimming – Get the general idea by reading through the text quickly. Skimming or Quick Reading.
Quick reading aims to get the main idea and get the overview of the material .
You use your finger when reading across the line.

 Scanning - It is a quick reading strategy which aims to get the specific information from a given text.
Scanning is very useful when locating a specific name of a board passer, looking for an old email/ text. Checking information in a
graph.

Steps in doing scanning:

• Be clear on the information you are looking for.
• Avoid reading every word; focus what you need.
• Relax your eyes as you move them across the lines rapidly.

 Global : You can try to read as much and as widely as possible. It's better not to restrict yourself to the same type of sources. Some examples
of extensive reading are newspapers, blogs and e-magazines.
 Writing

 Is another macro skill which language teacher should master and teach students.
 Writing entails control of language variables since it is extremely complex cognitive
activity.
 Good writing skills may increase the chances of a person’s success. These are needed
for all the students to accomplish their educational and employable requirements.

 In writing, we need to know the strategies for good output.

 Good sentences are prerequisite to excellent work.
 To make our writing appealing, we need to add more flavors and make use of engaging
words instead of bland phrases.
 In writing, we need to follow the steps to achieve a coherent and effective output.
Steps for an Effective Writing

I. Decide the topic

II.Research and collect information
III.Outline and Plan
IV.Start writing by a Simple Draft
V. Review, Edit and Format
Viewing

Viewing Skills allow students to pause and reflect and think about the images they are seeing and
analyze or evaluate further these visuals for better use.

It includes giving meaning to the images or visuals and even with computer programs and websites
which have printed and spoken words.