Complete the following sentences using the appropriate

connecting word. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. My sister works three jobs in a day; ____________, she doesn’t earn much money.
(Moreover, However)
2. The kids didn’t study. ____________, they failed the test. (Therefore, Otherwise)
3. She was tired, ____________ she went to work. (and, but)
4. My cousin didn’t study law. ____________, he decided to become an actor. (While,
Instead)
5. In making a sandwich, ____________ you need to prepare the ingredients. (Last, First)
 Complete the following sentences using the appropriate
connecting word. Write your answers on your notebook.

1. My sister works three jobs in a day; however, she doesn’t earn much money.
(Moreover, However)
2. The kids didn’t study. therefore, they failed the test. (Therefore, Otherwise)
3. She was tired, but she went to work. (and, but)
4. My cousin didn’t study law. Instead, he decided to become an actor. (While, Instead)
5. In making a sandwich, first you need to prepare the ingredients. (Last, First)
 Logical Connectors

are used to join or connect two ideas that have a particular

relationship
connect between ideas in sentences and paragraphs
assist in the logical flow of ideas as they signal the
relationship between sentences and paragraphs.
 4 Types of Logical Connectors:

1.Additive
2.Adversative
3.Causal
4.Sequential
Additive
used to signal addition,
introduction, to show similarity,
etc.
 Additive
1. Addition – additionally, furthermore, moreover, not to mention
(THIS), In addition (TO THIS), also, further, and, too, either,
besides, not only THIS but…(also, as well), as well (AS THIS),
what is more, in fact, in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, indeed, to
tell (you) the truth, let alone (negative), to say nothing of
(negative), much less (negative), or, alternatively, nor (negative),
on the other hand
 Additive
2. Exemplification – such as, for example, for instance, as, like,
especially, particularly, in particular, notably, including, for one
thing, as an illustration, by way of example, to illustrate
3. Reference – speaking about THIS, considering THIS, regarding
THIS, as for THIS, concerning THIS, on the subject/topic of THIS
Additive
Similarity – similarly, likewise, in the same way,
in a like manner, by the same token, equally
5. Identification – that is, namely, specifically
6. Clarification – I mean, in other words, (to) put
(it) another way
Adversative

 used to signal conflict,

contradiction, concession, etc.
 Adversative
1. Conflict/Contrast – but, however, in contrast, by way of contrast,
(and) yet, when in fact, while, whereas, conversely, on the other
hand, though
2. Concession – but, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet,
nevertheless, nonetheless, although, though, even though, while,
despite THIS, in spite of THIS, regardless (of THIS),
notwithstanding (THIS), be that as it may, granted (THIS),
admittedly, albeit
 Adversative
3. Dismissal – either way, whichever happens, in either
case, in either event, whatever happens, all the same, in
any case/event, at any rate
4. Replacement – (or) at least, (or) rather, instead,
 Causal

usedto signal cause/effect and

reason/result, etc.
 Causal
1. Cause/Reason – being that, seeing that, since, as, inasmuch as, forasmuch
as, because (of the fact that), due to (the fact that), in view of (the fact that),
owing to (the fact that), for the (simple) reason that, for, in that
2. Effect/Result – so that, so, so much (so) that, for this reason, as a result,
because of, therefore, consequently, as a consequence, thus, hence, in
consequence, accordingly
 Causal
3. Purpose – so, so as to, so that, in order to, in order that, with this in mind,
with this intention, in the hope that, for the purpose of, to the end that, for
fear that (negative), for fear (negative), lest (negative)
4. Condition - if, in case, provided that, providing that, on (the) condition
that, in the event that, given that, granted (that), granting (that), as/so long as,
even if, only if, unless (negative), then, if so, in that case, that being the case,
under those circumstances, if not (negative), otherwise (negative)
Sequential

used to signal a chronological

or logical sequence
 Sequential
1. Chronological and Logical – in the (first) place, first… ; second… ,
initially… ; secondly… , at first, to start with, to begin with, for a start,
first of all, initially previously, after THIS, afterwards, eventually,
subsequently, before THIS, next, the, finally, eventually, as last, in the
end, at last, last but not least, as a final point, lastly, to conclude(with)
2. Digression – by the way, to change the subject, incidentally
 Sequential
3. Resumption – anyhow, anyway, at any rate, to get back to the point, to
return to the subject, to resume
4. Summation – In conclusion, to sum up, to summarize, in summary, in
sum, as I have said, as was previously stated, as has been mentioned/noted,
then, given (all) these points, given (all) the facts, therefore, consequently,
thus, hence, so, on the whole, altogether, in all, all in all, overall, to make the
long story short, to put it briefly, briefly, in short, to be brief, in a word
ACTIVITY A: Read each of the sentences in Column A and choose the type of the
underlined logical connector in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before each number.
ANSWER:
ACTIVITY A: Read each of the sentences in Column A and choose the type of the
underlined logical connector in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the
space provided before each number.
FOUR TYPES OF
TEXT
 4 TEXT TYPES

1. Narrative – it deals with imaginary or real world and can be fictional

(fairy tales, novels, science fiction, horror or adventure stories, fables,
myths, legends, etc.) and non-fictional (articles, newspaper reports,
historical writings).The purpose of the narrative might be to entertain,
inform, instruct or persuade.
Examples: o novels, short stories, novellas, poetry, autobiographies or
biographies, anecdotes, oral histories
 4 TEXT TYPES
2. Expository - is intended to identify and characterize experiences,
facts, situations, and actions in either abstract or real elements. It is
an informational text that explains something to the reader.
Expository texts are meant to explain, inform or describe.
Examples: o Textbooks, encyclopedia, scientific books/journals,
atlases, guides, biographies, newspapers, magazines, essays,
 4 TEXT TYPES
3. Persuasive – texts contain the opinions and biases of the author. It
tries to convince others to agree with the author's point of view,
persuasive writing contains justifications and reasons. It’s main purpose
is to convince.
Examples: o Opinion and editorial newspaper pieces, Advertisements,
Reviews (of books, music, movie, restaurants, etc.), Letter of
recommendation, Letter of complaints, Cover letters
 4 TEXT TYPES

4. Instructional – these texts contain information on how to

achieve a goal. There are given steps to follow on how to do things.
It begins at the beginning of the process described, moves on along
with such process and ends also when the process finishes.
Examples: o Recipes, science experiment, self-help guides,
Instruction manuals, rule books, user guides
ACTIVITY C: Identify the text type of the descriptions below. Shade the
circle corresponding to your answer. A – Expository, B – Instructional, C –
Narrative, D – Persuasive.
 ANSWER:

1. D
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
 ASSESSMENT A: Join each pair of sentences. Be careful
where you put the words in brackets. (although, in spite of ,
despite).

1. Dave eats a lot. He seems to be in good health (although)

2. I couldn’t sleep. I was tired. (despite)
3. Max didn’t notice the sign. It was right in front of him (even though)
4. Kate never learnt Korean. She lived in Korea for many years (although)
5. Joe is a millionaire. He hates spending money. (despite)
ASSESSMENT A: Join each pair of sentences. Be careful
where you put the words in brackets. (although, in spite of ,
despite).

Example:
The black clouds looked threatening. No rain was predicted.
(although)
ANSWER:
Although the black clouds looked threatening, no rain was
predicted.
 ANSWER:

1. Dave eats a lot. He seems to be in good health (although)

 Although Dave eats a lot, he seems to be in good health.
2. I couldn’t sleep. I was tired. (despite)
I couldn’t sleep despite being tired.
3. Max didn’t notice the sign. It was right in front of him (even though)
 Max didn’t notice the sign even though it was in front of him.
 ANSWER:

4. Kate never learnt Korean. She lived in Korea for many years (although)
 Although she lived in Korea for many years, Kate never learnt Korean.
 Kate never learnt Korean although she lived in Korea for many years.
5. Joe is a millionaire. He hates spending money. (despite)
 Despite being a millionaire, Joe hates spending money.
 Despite his wealth, Joe hates spending money.
ASSESSMENT B: Read the following selections carefully. Using the logical
connectors, determine the text type of each of the selections. Choose from the
choices below and write the letter of your answer