THE NEW ERA

PUBLIC
SCHOOL

Session:- 2023-2024
Class:- Xll
Sub :- Physics
TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE
OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A
HOLLOW PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE
WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT
FLUIDS.
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED
TO
MR.MAYANK VERMA MISS. SUNIDHI
CHOUHAN
ROLL NO. - 1215 SIGNATURE -....................

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 CONTENTS

1. Title ...................................................1

2. Content ................................................2

3. Certificate ............................................3

4. Acknowledgement ..............................4

5. Objective..............................................5

6. Introduction ........................................5-8

7. Theory ................................................9 -12

8. Apparatus Required ...........................12

9. Procedure ..........................................13

10. Observations .......................................14 -15

11. Conclusion .........................................15

12. Precaution ..........................................16

13. Sources of Error ................................16

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 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS T O CERTIFY THAT THIS
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT O N
THE TOPIC “ T O I N V E S T I G A T E T H E
DEPENDENCE OF T H E ANGLE OF
DEVIATION ON T H E A N G L E O F
INCIDENCE USING A H O L L O W P R I S M
F I L L E D ON E B Y ON E W I T H D I F F E R E N T
T R A N S P A R E N T FLUIDS.” HAS BEEN
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED B Y
MR. MAYANK VERMA
OF CLASS XII UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MISS. SUNIDHI CHOUHAN
A N D PARTICULAR FULFILMENT OF THE
CURRICULUM OF CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION { C B S E }
LEADING T O THE AWARD OF A N N U A L
EXAMINATION OF THE YEAR 2023-24.

Signature of Signature of
teacher external
......................... ......................................
.
Signature of principal

...................................
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have been efforts in this project. However, it would

not have been possible without the kind support and
help of many individuals.

I would like to thank my principle Mrs. Archana

Tiwari and school for providing me facilities to do
any project.

I am highly indebted to my physics teacher

Miss. Sunidhi chouhan, for his invaluable
guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the
stage of this project work.

I would like to thank my parents for their constant

Support and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciation also go to my fellow

classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing
the project and to the people who have willingly
helped me out with their abilities.

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OBJECTIVE
To investigate the dependence of the angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow
prism filled one by one with different transparent
fluids.

INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element
with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. The
exact angles between the surfaces depend on the
application. The traditional geometrical shape is
that of a triangular prism with a triangular base
and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use “prism”
usually refers to this type. Some types of optical
prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric
prisms.

Prisms can be made from any material that is

transparent to the wavelengths for which they are
designed. Typical materials include glass , plastic
and fluorite.

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A prism can be used to break light up into
its constituent spectral colors (the colors of
the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to
reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.

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Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white
light was colorless, and that the prism itself
produced the color.
Newton’s experiments demonstrated that all the
colors already existed in the light in a heterogeneous
fashion, and that “corpuscles” (particles) of light
were fanned out because particles with different
colors traveled with different speeds through the
prism. It was only later that Young and Fresnel
combined Newton’s particle theory with Huygens’
wave theory to show that color is the visible
manifestation of light’s wavelength.
Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red
color from one prism through a second prism and
found the color unchanged. From this, he concluded
that the colors must already be present in the
incoming light — thus, the prism did not create
colors, but merely separated colors that are already
there. He also used a lens and a second prism to
recompose the spectrum back into white light.
This experiment has become a classic example of
the methodology introduced during the scientific
revolution. 7
The results of this experiment dramatically
transformed the field of metaphysics,
leading to John Locke’s primary vs
secondary quality distinction.

Newton discussed prism dispersion in

great detail in his book Optics.
1 He also introduced the use of more than
one prism to control dispersion.
2 Newton’s description of his
experiments on prism dispersion was
qualitative, and is quite readable. A
quantitative were introduced in the
1980s 8
THEORY
How does a prism work :–
Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to
another (for example, from air into the glass of the
prism). This speed change causes the light to be
refracted and to enter the new medium at a different
angle (Huygens principle). The degree of bending of
the light’s path depends on the angle that the incident
beam of light makes with the surface, and on the ratio
between the refractive indices of the two media
(Snell’s law).

The refractive index of many materials (such as glass)

varies with the wavelength or color of the light used, a
phenomenon known as dispersion. This causes light of
different colors to be refracted differently and to leave
the prism at different angles, creating an effect similar
to a rainbow. This can be used to separate a beam of
white light into its constituent spectrum of colors.

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Prisms will generally disperse light over a much larger
frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings,
making them useful for broad-spectrum spectroscopy.
Furthermore, prisms do not suffer from complications
arising from overlapping spectral orders, which all
gratings have.

A triangular prism, dispersing light; waves shown to illustrate the differing wavelengths of light.

Prisms are sometimes used for the internal

reflection at the surfaces rather than for
dispersion. If light inside the prism hits one of the
surfaces at a sufficiently steep angle, total internal
reflection occurs and all of the light is reflected. This
makes a prism a useful substitute for a mirror in
some situations.
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Angle of minimum
deviation :–
[A]
TheDefinition–
minimum value of angle of deviation, is
called angle of minimum deviation. It is
represented by the symbol Dm.
[B] Explanation–
For same angle of deviation (D) there are two
values of angle of incidence. One value equals
’I’ and other value equals ‘e’.
As angle ‘I’ is increased from a small value,
‘e’ decreases from large value and angle of
deviation decreases. When angle of
deviation is minimum (Dm) , then, ‘I’ and ‘e’
becomes equal.

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Where
-P is Incident
Ray S is
Emergent
<i = AngleRay
of Incidence
<r = Angle of Refraction
<e = Angle of Emergence
< m= Angle of Deviation
= i-r+e-r1
= i+e-
(r+r1)
=i+e-A
APPARATUS
REQUIRED
Drawing Board Half Meter
White Sheets Of Scale Thump
Paper Prism Pins Graph
Drawing Papers
Pins Pencil Protractor
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PROCEDUR
E Fix a white sheet of paper on the
1.
drawing board with help of drawing pins.
2. Keep the prism and mark the
outline of it as ABC.
3. Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
4. Draw the angle of incidence in accordance
with the normal PQ and place 2 pins so
that they appear to be in the straight
line.
5. Place the prism filled with given sample of
liquid
on the marked outline ABC.
6. Now take the pins and place them on the
side AC so that all the 4 pins appear to be
in same line.
7. Remove the prism and draw the line
joining the
points so obtained.
8. Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
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 OBSERVATIONS
• Benzaldehyde :
S. –No. Angle of Prism (A) Angle of Incidence Angle of Deviation
(i) (d)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

• Water :
S. –No. Angle of Prism (A) Angle of Incidence Angle of Deviation
(i) (d)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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 • Dilute Sulphuric Acid :–
S. No. Angle of Prism (A) Angle of Incidence Angle of Deviation
(i) (d)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CONCLUSION
Refractive indices at room temperature:
Benzadlehyde— Actual :
Observed:

Water— Actual

:
Observed:

Dilute Sulphuric Acid— Actual

:
Observed:
PRECAUTIONS
• Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60 degree.
• Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in
same
line.
• Distance b/w two points should not be less than
10mm.
• Same angle of prism should be used for all
observation.
• Arrow head should be marked to represent
emergent and
incident ray.

SOURCES OF ERROR
• The pricks made by the pins might be thick.
• Angles might go wrong while measuring them.

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