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Lecture 6 - GENG220-Applications
Lecture 6 - GENG220-Applications
Lecture 6 - GENG220-Applications
• •
Conservation of Mass: mi = m e
Conservation of Energy:
• • Ve2 Vi 2
• •
Q - W = me he + + gze - mi hi + + gzi
2 2
• • • V2 2 – V 1 2
Q - W = m h2 – h1 + + g(z 2 – z1)
2
2
Systematic Problem Solving Process
5
Characteristics of Nozzles and Diffusers
Nozzle: A device which accelerates a fluid as the pressure is decreased.
6
7
8
9
Nozzles and Diffusers Analysis
Typical assumptions: *
Ve Vi
2 2
Q W m he hi g ze zi Work:
none
2 essentially none, since
Heat transfer:
these devices are small in
size*
Potential energy change: none
V V 2 2
0 he hi e i
2
“Enthalpy to kinetic energy” balance V 2inlet - V 2exit
hexit = hinlet +
Single inlet/outlet conservation of mass 2
11
Example Problem Solution
Assumptions:
• SSSF (Steady state, steady flow)
• Adiabatic + no work 2
V V 2
• potential energy is zero 0 he hi
e i
INLET
T1 = 300C OUTLET
P2 = 167 kPa
P1 = 100 kPa Diffuser
V1 = 250 m/s V2 = 35 m/s
•
m = 7 kg/s
12
Example Problem Solution
Ans.
V1 A1 V2 A2
Since
m
1 2
2
m v2 is unknown
Solve for A2 A2
V2
13
Example Problem Solution
Since P RT
V22 V12
q w ( h2 h1 ) g ( z 2 z1 )
2
V12 V22
So ( h2 h1 )
2
V12 V22
c p (T2 T1 )
2 15
Example Problem Solution
Table A-2b: interpolate between 550
Hence, (250) 2 (35) 2 kJ
573 602.3 K and 600 K to get Cp= 1.045 kJ/kg.K
2 1045 kg = 1045 J/kg.K , 1 J/kg=1 m2/s2
kJ (250) 2 (35) 2 m 2 3 kJ s 2 kJ kJ m2
h 2 578.73
2
10
2
609.4 1 = 1000
kg 2 s kg m kg kg s2
RT2 m3
2 1.0352
P2 kg
kg m3
2 7 1.0352
m s kg
and A2
m 4 m
2
V2 35 10
2
s cm
mass
flow A turbine is a device that
produces work at the
expense of temperature
and pressure
Turbine Power ( + )
A compressor is a device
that increases the pressure
Heat of a fluid by adding work
Transfer rate to the system
(-)
18
Turbine
A turbine is a device in which work is produced by a gas passing over and
through a set of blades fixed to a shaft which is free to rotate.
•
Wout
• •
min mout
19
2
0
Gas Turbine
Rotor with Turbine Outlet Casing
21
Turbines and Compressors Analysis
Typical assumptions: *
V 2
V 2
Work:
+ for turbine, - for compressors Q W m he hi
e i
g ze zi
2
Heat transfer: none if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: If inlet / exit velocities referenced,
must be included – otherwise
assume zero
23
Difference Between Compressors,
Pumps, and Fans
• Fan: primary purpose is to move large amounts of gas, but usually has a
small pressure increase.
24
Compressor Blade Design
25
Compressor and Pump Views
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Example Problem
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Example Problem Solution
Draw Diagram
STATE 1 STATE 2
1
P1 = 1000 psia
T1 = 1000F P2 = 2 psia
Turbine
V1 = 21.0 ft/s x2 = 1.0
29
Example Problem Solution
State assumptions
• Steady state (dm/dt = 0)
• One inlet/one outlet
• Uniform properties at inlet and outlet
m VA 1 VA 2
VA VA
m
v 1 v 2
30
Example Problem Solution
v1 0.831 ft / lbm
3 Table A-6E v2 173.75 ft / lbm
3 Table A-5E
ft
21.0 (1 ft 2 )
s s
m 3
(3600 ) Saturated steam @ 2 psia
ft hr
0.831
lbm
m 90,975 lbm / hr
31
Example Problem Solution
Exit Velocity
VA
m
v 2
ft 3 lbm
173 . 75 (90,975 )
vm lbm hr hr
V2 2
( )
A 140 ft 3600 s
V2 31.4 ft / s
32
Throttling Valves
- Any kind of flow-restricting devices, cause major pressure drop ΔP accompanied by large ΔT.
33
Throttling Valve Analysis
Typical assumptions: *
Work: none
Heat transfer: none, if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, if inlet and exit areas are
the same (this is a common
assumption)
Note that, however, heat transfer might be significant for throttling devices
with large exposed surface area such as capillary tubes.
35
Mixing Chambers
•
m3
• • • •
m2 m3 = m1 + m2
36
Mixing Chamber Analysis
• • Ve2 Vi 2
Typical assumptions: * • •
Q - W = me he + + gze - mi hi + + gzi
2 2
Work: none
Heat transfer: none, if adiabatic*
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, since fluid velocities are
usually not high to give good
mixing
m1 h1 m2 h2 m3 h3 Energy Balance
•
m1
m1 m2 m3 Material Balance
•
m3
•
m2
38
Heat Exchangers
Applications
• Automotive - radiator
• Refrigeration - evaporators/condensers
• Power production - boilers/condensers
• Power electronics - heat sinks
• Chemical/petroleum industry- mixing processes
A heat exchanger is a
device where two moving
fluids exchange heat
without mixing.
39
A/C systems & Heat Pumps:
Condensor/Evaporator
40
Cooling Towers
41
Example – Heat Exchanger
Your analysis approach will depend on how you define your system
42
Heat Exchanger Analysis
Typical assumptions: *
Work: none
Heat transfer: none – no losses to surroundings
Potential energy change: none
Kinetic energy change: none, since fluid velocities are not high to
permit good heat transfer
Analysis after simplifications:
Single inlet / single outlet conservation of mass for hot and cold fluids separately.
•
mhot
1 2
• • •
• • • 4
Q-W= mhot h2 + mcold h4 – mcold h3 + mhot h1
•
mcold
• •
mhot (h1 – h2) = mcold (h4 – h3) All heat lost by the hot fluid will be gained by the cold fluid
Heat ( + / - )
47
Example 5-11 Solution
48
Example 5-11 Solution
• • • •
Or can use the equation: Q - W = me he - mi hi
•
-0.2 – (-15) = m Cp(T2-T1)
49