IN D U S T R I E S – M IN E R A L

BA S E D
C CHINTH SHOBANA
LARGE INTEGRATED STEEL PLANT
1. TATA STEEL COMPANY – PRIVATE SECTOR – OLDEST & LARGEST – EST 1907 – JAMSHEDPUR
2. BHILAI STEEL PLANT – FIRST PUBLIC SECTOR – COLLABORATION USSR – EST 1957 – CHHATTISGARH
3. ROURKELA STEEL PLANT – LATEST TECHNOLOGY – COLLABORATION GERMANY – PROD 1959 – ODISHA
4. VISAKHAPATMAN STEEL PROJECT – SOPISTICATED AND MODERN – PROD 1992 - VIZAG
 IRON AND STEEL
INDUSTRY

• It is the basic industry and

forms the backbone of
industrial development in any
country.

• The quality of steel produced

and its per capita consumption
reflects the level of economic
development of a country.
 TATA STEEL
PLANT

• The setting up of the tata

iron and steel company at
sakchi now in
jamshedpur by jamshedji
tata in 1907 marked

• A turning point in the

history of iron and steel
production in india.
RAW MATERIALS

• IRON ORE,
FELDSPAR

SILICA
• MANGANESE,
• SILICA,
• FELDSPAR, MANGANESE

• SCRAP IRON,
• FLUX AND
• FUEL.
 STEEL MAKING

• Iron ore is always found

with some impurities like
sulphur, silica, phosphorus,
lime etc.

• So the impurities have to be

removed to get pure iron
ore that is used for making
steel.
 ORE REDUCTION
• THIS PROCESS IS CARRIED
OUT IN A BLAST FURNACE
WHERE THE ORE AND COKE
ARE FED CONTINUOUSLY
FROM THE TAP.

• SMALL QUANTITIES OF
LIMESTONE AND DOLOMITE
ARE ALSO ADDED.

• THE PRODUCT OBTAINED IS

PIG IRON.
STEEL MELTING
FURNACES

• The pig iron obtained after

reducing the ore contains
upto 5 % of carbon and
other impurities.

• To convert pig iron into

steel impurities are
removed through
deoxidation.
ROLLING MILLS

The steel is then

cast into ingots
and rolled into
different sizes.
 LARGE
INTEGRATED IRON
AND STEEL PLANTS

An integrated steel plant is

one in which all the
processes from providing
raw materials, ore
reduction, steel melting,
rolling etc, are all done at
one place.
MAJOR IRON AND
STEEL PLANTS
Steel authority of India is the
largest steel making
company in the public sector.
There are integrated steel
plants in the private sector
as well, the largest being tata
iron and steel plant at
Jamshedpur.
 TATA IRON AND
STEEL COMPANY

• TISCO IS ONE OF THE

LARGEST
MANUFACTURING
PLANTS IN ASIA. IT IS
SITUATED AT IN
JAMSHEDPUR.

• IT IS THE OLDEST STEEL

PLANT IN THE COUNTRY.
 AVAILABILITY OF
RAW MATERIALS

• IRON ORE IS OBTAINED FROM

THE GURUMAHISANI MINES IN
MAYURBHANJ DISTRICT OF
ODISHA AND FROM THE
SINGHBHUM DISTRICT OF
JHARKHAND.

• MANGANESE FROM JODA IN

KEONJHAR DISTRICT,

• LIMESTONE, DOLOMITE AND

FIRE CLAY FROM SUNDARBAGH
DISTRICT OF ODISHA.
 POWER SUPPLY

• COAL IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF POWER FOR THIS PLANT.

• THE SUPPLY OF COAL IS OBTAINED FROM JHARIA AND BOKARO

COALFIELDS LOCATED AT A DISTANCE OF ABOUT 177 KM.
 WATER SUPPLY

• THE TWO KHARKAI

AND SUBARNAREKHA
WHICH NEVER RUN
DRY THROUGHOUT
THE YEAR , SUPPLY
WATER FOR COOLING
PURPOSES.
LABOUR FORCE

The labour force are

recruited from the densely
populated valley of Ganga,
mostly from the states of
Bihar, West Bengal,
Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh
and Uttar Pradesh.
 MARKET

• The plant is located at a

distance of 240 kms

• Kolkata which is not only

an important market for
the consumption of iron
and steel goods but also has
facilities for export and
import.
 TRANSPORT
FACILITIES

Jamshedpur is well
connected with roads
and railways to the
other parts of the
country.
 PRODUCTS

• It produces high grade

carbon steel

• Structural fittings and tin

plates, acid steel for
making railway wheels,
axles, bars, rods, sheets
ROURKELA STEEL
PLANT

The Rourkela steel plant

was built with the
technical cooperation
from a German firm,
Krupps and Demag in
1959.
 LOCATION

Located 412 km from BRAHMANI RIVER

Kolkata at the
confluence of two rivers,
the Sankha and the Koel
(Brahmani) in the
Sundergarh district of
Odisha.
 RAW MATERIALS
• The plant is situated within 80 kms
of the high-grade iron ore reserves
of the Sundergarh and Keonjhar
district in Odisha.

• Manganese is obtained from

Barajmda

• Limestone from Bhirmitrapur and

• Dolomite from Baradwar.

 POWER SUPPLY

• Coal is obtained from JHARIA COAL MINE

Jharia, Talcher and

Korba fields
• Electricity from the
Hirakud project.
 WATER SUPPLY
MANDIRA DAM

Water is obtained from

the Mandira dam across
the Sankha river and also
from Mahanadi.
 TRANSPORT
FACILITIES

Rourkela is situated on
the Kolkata-Nagpur rail
line.
Provides easy access to
raw material producing
areas and also to the
markets.
 LABOUR FORCE

It is recruited from
Bihar, West
Bengal, Jharkhand
and Odisha.
 PRODUCTS

• Its major products include hot-

rolled sheets and strips, cold-
rolled sheets, galvanised sheets
and electrical steel plates.

• It also produces large quantity

of nitrogen as a by-product
which is used for the
manufacture of fertilisers.
 MINI STEEL
PLANTS
PIG IRON OR SPONGE IRON

These plants generally

use ferrous scrap, pig
iron or sponge iron as
their raw material.
 ADVANTAGES OF
MINI STEEL PLANTS
• They use scrap iron which is easily
available and is comparatively
cheap.

• Dependent on electric power and do

not cause pollution.

• Use scrap iron and need not be

located near the raw material.

• Meet the demands of the local

market.
 PROBLEMS OF IRON
AND STEEL INDUSTRY

Although India is an
important iron and steel
producing country in the
world, yet it is not able to
perform to its full potential.
IRON & STEEL INDUSTRY - PROBLEMS

Low productivity Inefficient management

 CAPITAL
INVESTMENT
• Iron and steel industry is a
capital intensive industry as it
requires a huge capital.

• Besides iron and steel plants

have a long gestation period.
 OBSOLETE
MACHINERY

Plants are not working to

their full potential as the
machinery being used is
out-dated.
Lacking behind the
advanced countries in terms
of new technological inputs.
 LIMITED
AVAILABILITY OF
COKING COAL
In India, high grade coking coal
used for smelting iron ore is
limited.
Consequently, many steel plants
are forced to import coking coal.
COKING COAL
Vizag steel plant imports coal
from Australia.
 SICK PLANTS

• Inadequate supply of
power
• Increase in the cost of
raw materials
 CONTROL OF
PRICES

The government has fixed

price for iron and steel which
leaves little margin of profit
for the manufacturers.
 INEFFICIENTLY
MANAGED
PUBLIC SECTOR
Many iron and steel plants in the
public sector are facing strikes,
lockouts, energy crisis caused by
heavy investment on social
overheads, poor labour relations,
inefficient management and under
utilisation of capacity.
HEAVY DEMAND
• Even at a low per capita
consumption rate, demand
for iron and steel is
increasing rapidly.
• To meet this increasing
demand, large quantity of
iron and steel has to be
imported.
ELECTRONICS
 ELECTRONICS

• ELECTRONICS
INDUSTRY DEVELOPED
IN INDIA IN 1950s.

• Began with radio

manufacturing

• Diversified into new areas

like space exploration,
defence equipments, medical
diagnosis etc
 THE INDIAN
TELEPHONE
INDUSTRIES(ITI)

First government - after

independence near Bengaluru in
1950.
Automatic telephone switching
systems and teleprinter exchange
and long distance transmission
systems.
 THE ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION OF
INDIA LTD.(ECIL)

• It is an indigenous unit -
Hyderabad- 1970.

• Well equipped laboratory

• Produces transistorised
modular systems for nuclear
applications, components like
metal oxide resistors etc…
 THE BHARAT
ELECTRONICS LTD.
(BEL)

Public sector -1956- Bengaluru

• For defence services

• All India radio

• Meteorological department.
 SPACE
TECHNOLOGY

Space technology-supported
by the electronics industry.
Successfully launched
indigenously manufactured
satellites - apple and insat
series.
 SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Chandrayaan 1 –
India’s first scientific
mission to moon - 2008

Chandrayaan 2 - 2019
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
• SPACE TECHNOLOGY – REMOTE SENSING
– HYDERABAD,

• SATELLITE LAUNCHING STATION –

SRIHARIKOTA,

• INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION

- BENGALURU
 SOFTWARE
INDUSTRY

One of the fastest growing

sectors in electronics in India.
India has achieved capability
of designing and building
supercomputers, Bengaluru
and Hyderabad are leading
centres of software industries.

SUPER COMPUTERS
 SOFTWARE INDUSTRY
• SILICON VALLEY OF INDIA – BENGALURU
• TWO MAIN CLUSTERS – ELECTRONIC CITY AND WHITE
FIELD

• FAVORABLE FACTORS:
1. GOVERNMENT POLICIES
2. EXCELLENT INFRASTRUCTURE
3. COMFORTABLE WEATHER
4. AVAILABLE CONVENTIONS CENTERS
 OTHER INDUSTRIES
• TELEVISION – TV IS MADE WAY –
TINIEST OF VILLAGES – CABLE TV
• AUDIO SYSTEM – MONO
PLAYERS AND STEREO PLAYERS –
MAIN CENTRES OF PRODUCTION
- MUMBAI, DELHI, KOLATA &
CHENNAI
PETROCHEMICAL
INDUSTRY

Important organic
chemicals derived -
petroleum products, LPG
and coal.
Located near an oil refinery
which can supply - naphtha,
ethylene and benzene.
 PRODUCTS OF
PETROCHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
• FERTILISERS AND
INSECTICIDES.

• RESINS, ADHESIVES FOR

INDUSTRIES.

• PLASTIC SHEETS, PLASTIC

FOAM, BOWLS AND
BASKETS, PAINTS AND
FURNITURE COVERINGS
FOR HOUSEHOLD ITEMS.
 ADVANTAGES

• COST EFFECTIVE

• ECONOMICALLY
STABLE

• CHEAPER

• DURABLE

• RAW MATERIAL IS
EASILY AVAILABLE
 PRODUCTION UNITS
HERDILLIA
CHEMICALS LTD.

Setup in Chennai in collaboration

with the Distillers co. ltd.,UK and
Hercules power co., USA
Products - phenol, acetone,
diacetone alcohol.
 NATIONAL
ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIES LTD.

Biggest unit in India

Sponsored by Mafatlals in the
Thane-Belapur area near
Mumbai.
First integrated plant in India
which is based on the latest
technology in petrochemical field.
 PETROFILS
COOPERATIVE
LIMITED (PCL)

It is a joint venture of the

government of India and
weavers’ cooperative
societies. It has three plants
located at Vadodara,
Naldhari in Gujarat.
 INDIAN
PETROCHEMICAL
CORPORATION LTD

It is located at
Jawaharnagar near
Vadodara. It manufactures a
number of petrochemicals
like polymers, synthetic
organic chemicals and
fibres.
THE BOGAIGAON
PETROCHEMICAL
LIMITED

It is located at
Bongaigaon in Assam. It
draws its raw materials
from the Bongaigaon
and Noonmati
refineries.
 THE RELIANCE
INDUSTRIES

It IS LOCATED AT
HAZIRA IN GUJARAT.
It produces polymers,
synthetic rubber,
polyesters, fibre, yarn,
aromatics, benzene.
 HALDIA
PETROCHEMICALS
LIMITED

It is a modern naptha based

petrochemical complex
located at Haldia in West
Bengal. It manufactures a
wide range of polyolefins
and chemicals like benezene,
butadiene, cyclo-pentane.
 THE INDIAN OIL
CORPORATION

It has set up three world

class mega petrochemical
plants:
1) Linear alkyl benezene(cab)
plant, Gujarat.
2) Paxaxylene/ purified
terepthalic acid, Panipat.
3) Naptha cracker plant,
Panipat.