SPARC Course

Hybrid simulation of distribution

systems along with the transmission
network - Part 2
March/April 2021
IIT-D and IIT-DH
Vijay Vittal
Regents’ Professor
Ira A. Fulton Chair Professor
Arizona State University
 Background

• Distribution systems increasingly influence the

behavior of bulk power systems
• The interactions between distribution and
transmission systems have also increased as a result
of nonlinear characteristics of the loads and
distributed generation resources
• In traditional power system simulation tools,
transmission and distribution systems are separately
modeled and analyzed
• In traditional power system simulation tools,
transmission and distribution systems are separately
modeled and analyzed
2
 Approach

• A phasor modeling based integrated simulation

approach is proposed to address the need addressed
on the previous slide
• An integrated modeling framework is first developed,
where the transmission system is modeled as one
subsystem in three-sequence detail, while each
distribution system is represented as a subsystem and
modeled in three-phase detail
• The integrated T&D power flow (TDPF) is solved by
iteratively solving a three-sequence power flow for
the transmission system and a three-phase power flow
for the distribution systems
3
 Approach
• For the integrated T&D dynamic simulation
(TDDS), the main challenge is associated with
different network representations in the
transmission and the distribution systems
• This challenge is addressed by using a:
• Partitioned solution approach for the TDDS
algorithm
• Multi-area Thévenin equivalent (MATE)
approach for the network solution step

4
Integrated transmission and distribution
system modeling

• In deciding an appropriate modeling

approach for integrated transmission and
distribution systems, the following two
important factors have to be considered:
1. The physical features of the transmission and
distribution systems
2. The common modeling assumptions that could
be made for both power flow and dynamic
simulation

5
 Integrated transmission and
distribution system modeling

• Firstly, distribution systems generally should be

modeled in three-phase detail for both power flow
and dynamic simulation, as distribution systems are
inherently unbalanced
• Secondly, the conditions at the boundary between
the transmission and distribution systems are
influenced by the unbalanced conditions of the
distribution systems and the fault(s) considered in
dynamic simulation

6
Integrated transmission and distribution system
modeling
• Although transmission systems can be assumed to be
physically three-phase balanced, the typical assumption that
the boundary conditions at the interfaces between
transmission and distribution systems are reasonably
balanced is not always valid, particularly in dynamic
simulation
• In this context, the transmission system should be
represented in either three-sequence or three-phase detail
• To avoid the modeling and computational complexity
involved in three-phase representation and to effectively
reuse the existing sequence component-based models and
simulation algorithms, the transmission system is modeled in
three-sequence in this research
7
Power flow algorithm for integrated transmission
and distribution system
• The proposed TDPF algorithm is formulated based on a
master-slave approach, with the power flow of the
transmission system as the master problem and the power
flow of the distribution systems as the slave problem
• The key enhancements over previous efforts include:

1. Modeling of the transmission system in three-sequence instead of

positive sequence

2. A three-sequence power flow algorithm is developed for the

transmission system

3. Appropriate three-sequence representations of the distribution

systems at transmission power flow solution

8
Power flow algorithm for integrated transmission and
distribution system
• The boundary information exchanged between the
transmission and the distribution systems during the
integrated power flow solving process is illustrated
in the figure below

Transmission
Bus i (3-sequence) Bus k

LoadPQk(1)
VBiabc LoadPQi(1) VBkabc Iinjk(2)
Iinji(2)
Iinjk(0)
Iinji(0)

Distribution Distribution
(3-phase) ... (3-phase)
9
Power flow algorithm for integrated transmission and distribution system

• At each iteration between the transmission and the

distribution systems, the transmission system provides the
three-phase voltages at the boundary buses, denoted by , to
the corresponding distribution systems to update their
boundary (source) bus voltages
• Similarly, the results from the distribution systems are
transformed to three sequence equivalents
• The positive sequence component is represented by a
constant power load
• As in a conventional balance power flow, the negative- and
zero-sequence components by negative sequence current
injection and zero sequence current injection , respectively
at the appropriate boundary buses

10
Power flow algorithm for integrated transmission and distribution system

• In the transmission system part, the three sequence networks

are decoupled and solved independently
• The negative- and zero-sequence networks are represented
by equations shown below

(1)
(2)

• Superscripts 2 and 0 denote negative- and zero- sequence

components, respectively
• The negative- and zero- sequence bus current injections in
and are zero except for the boundary buses when they are
interfaced with unbalanced distribution systems
11
 Power flow algorithm for integrated transmission and
distribution system

• is the sequence bus voltage vector; is the sequence

admittance matrix of the network
• A sequence network solver for solving (1) and (2) has
been developed based on the short circuit program in
InterPSS
• The sequence admittance matrices are fixed unless
there is a network change
• They are factorized at the initialization stage, and (1)
and (2) are solved only once for each transmission
system power flow
• Thus, the computational burden due to the solution of
(1) and (2) is marginal
12
 Power flow algorithm for integrated transmission and
distribution system
• For the distribution systems, a three-phase power
flow based on the backward/forward sweep (BFS)
algorithm has been developed
• The flow chart for the algorithm is shown on the
next slide

13
14
 Dynamic simulation for integrated
transmission and distribution system
• The dynamic simulation of power systems can be
mathematically described as a solution to a set of
differential-algebraic equations (DAEs)

(3)
(4)

• With a set of know initial conditions ( , ), where x is a

vector of the state variables; V is the bus voltage vector; I
is the bus current injection vector; Y is the nodal
admittance matrix of the network
15
 Dynamic simulation for integrated transmission and
distribution system

• A partitioned solution approach in which the

differential equation set (3) and the algebraic set (4)
are solved separately is implemented
• The corresponding solution processes are generally
referred to as the integration step and the network
solution step, respectively
• Such a decoupling feature allows the integration
method and the network solution meth-od to be
chosen independently and facilities the solution of
integrated transmission and distribution systems

16
 Dynamic simulation for integrated transmission and distribution
system

• For the integration step, dynamic models basically

require some local variables (for example, bus
voltage and frequency at the terminal or an
associated remote-controlled bus) to perform the
integration
• Furthermore, the transmission and the distribution
systems are represented as individual subsystems
based on the proposed partitioned framework
• Thus, appropriate integration algorithms can be
reused or developed for the transmission and the
distribution systems independently
17
 Dynamic simulation for integrated transmission
and distribution system
• Almost all the existing simulation programs require
the same representation (either single-phase or
three-phase) for the whole system to build the
network admittance matrix for solving network
solution
• Considering the different representations in the
proposed modeling approach, the single-network
oriented network solution approach cannot be
directly applied to the integrated transmission and
distribution systems

18
 Dynamic simulation for integrated transmission and
distribution system
• A special network solution approach, which is
capable of accommodating multiple sub-systems
and distinct network representation of each
subsystem, is needed at the network solution step
• The multi-area Thévenin equivalent (MATE)
concept is developed based on the diakoptics
concept and the formulation of a modified nodal
analysis (MNA)
• MATE reformulates and extends the diakoptics
approach to make it easier to understand and
program into an algorithm
19
A schematic illustration of the MATE approach

20
 Dynamic simulation for integrated transmission and distribution
system

The MATE approach, based network solution for a system

consisting of multiple subsystems includes mainly four steps, as
illustrated in the figure on the previous slide
1. Solve each subsystem network without current injections from
the link branch(es) to obtain the bus voltages V(int,i)
2. Retrieve boundary bus voltages from V(int,i) and build the
subsystem network Thévenin equivalents, as illustrated in the
dashed rectangular part in (c) in the figure
3. Build the link subsystem by connecting the Thévenin
equivalents with the link branches, and then solve it to obtain
the currents of the link branches, as shown in (c) in the figure
4. Solve each subsystem network again considering only the link
branch current injection(s) to obtain the solution V(ext,i), as
shown in part (d) of the figure. Based on the superposition
theorem, the final bus voltages are obtained by V(sub,i) =V(int,i) +
V(ext,i)
21
 Dynamic simulation for integrated transmission and distribution system

• The MATE approach can then be used to reconcile the

individual solutions of subsystems into a full-system
simultaneous solution at the network solution stage. When
non-linear models exist in the system, iterations of the
solution process above are required. For integrated T&D
systems, this reconciliation process is illustrated in the next
slide
• The transmission system and the distribution systems can be
first solved independently with their own representations and
solution techniques
• Then the interactions among them can be reconciled at the
level of the link branches by sharing their Thévenin
equivalents and solving the resulting link subsystem

22
Coordination of the subsystem simulation solutions through the link
subsystem using the MATE approach
23
 Three-Phase Dynamic Simulation
 Developed by extending existing three-sequence system
modeling and TS simulation
• Modeling: Inheritance and the adapter design pattern
• Simulation procedure: the same as the positive-sequence TS except for
the three-phase oriented network solution
Three-phase modeling

Power
Transmiss- Induction
Transformer Static loads Generator electronic
ion line machine
devices
A

A
A
C

A
C
0 | C

0 | C
2 | B

2 | B

B
1

1
1
0

1
0

Power
Transmiss- Induction
Transformer Static loads Generator electronic
ion line machine
devices

Three-sequence modeling
Development of three-phase machine dynamic
Transformation from three-sequence modeling model based on the corresponding three-sequence
to three-phase modeling model using the adapter pattern 24
Performance
Performancemodel of single-phase
model A/C motor
of single-phase A/C motor
 Two operating modes: run and stall
 Critical performance parameters:
• V5stall (0.50~0.65 pu), Tstall (2 ~ 53 cycles)
4 4

Reactive power (pu)

Real power (pu)

3 3 Stall
Stall

2 2
Run

1 Stall 1 Stall
Run

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Voltage (pu) Voltage (pu)

Vt A/C performance
algebraic equation Norton
freq Norton current
and protections
Equivalent
p, q source
time
25
 The MATE Based T&D dynamic simulation
 The 3-sequence coordinate system is used at the MATE based network
solution coordination stage
 The transmission system can be further split into subsystems represented
either in 3-phase or 3-sequene detail
 The subsystem where an unbalanced fault is applied must be represented in
three-phase detail

Subsystem k Parallelism
Subsystem i
in the
Integration step ... Integration step subsystem
solutions
Subsystem MATE based Subsystem
network T&D network network
solution solution solution

A schematic illustrating the MATE based T&D dynamic simulation

26
Integrated T&D
power flow

Consider unbalanced
fault(s) in transmission
system

The MATE based

T&D network
solution

27
 Test Cases
 IEEE 9 bus system + 3 distribution systems  T9D3
 IEEE 39 bus system + 6 distribution systems  T39D6
 Distribution bus re-numbering:

28
 Bus 8
230 kV
Bus2 Bus 7 100+j35MVA Bus 9 Bus 3
18 kV 230 kV 230 kV 13.8 kV

G2 G3
192MVA 128MVA

Bus 5 Bus 6
230 kV 230 kV
125+j50MVA
90+j30MVA

Bus 4
230 kV

Bus 3
16.5 kV
G1

247.5MVA
IEEE 9 bus system 29
A portion of the IEEE 39 bus system
30
 Test the proposed integrated T&D power flow (TDPF)
algorithm
 T9D3 test case Voltage magnitude (pu) Voltage angle (degree)
bus TDPF PSCAD TDPF PSCAD
 TDPF vs PSCAD 4 1.028 1.028 -2.23 -2.24
 Transmission 5 1.002 1.001 -3.98 -4.02
6 1.014 1.013 -3.81 -3.82
• Positive sequence
7 1.028 1.027 3.56 3.52
 Distribution 8 1.018 1.017 0.51 0.49
9 1.033 1.033 1.78 1.79
• 3 phases

Voltage magnitude (pu) Voltage angle (degree)

bus phase TDPF PSCAD TDPF PSCAD
A 1.007 1.009 -40.52 -40.56
51 B 1.009 1.011 -160.41 -160.46
C 1.007 1.010 79.50 79.46
A 0.967 0.967 -43.61 -43.54
55 B 0.981 0.984 -163.86 -163.69
C 0.964 0.967 76.00 75.82
A 0.947 0.945 -44.86 -44.79
58 B 0.960 0.963 -165.10 -165.26
C 0.935 0.940 74.65 74.48
31
 The robustness of the TDPF algorithm
 Load unbalance defined by the factor β
1  1 
PLA, i  1
3
PTotal , i , PLB, i  3
PTotal , i , PLC, i  3
PTotal ,i
• β = 5% means the load on phases A, B and C are 33.33%, 31.67%, 35%,
respectively, of the total load

Number of iterations
Test case Scenario
between T and D

β=0 3
T9D3 β = 5% 3
β = 10 % 3
β=0 3
T39D6 β = 5% 3
β = 10 % 3
32
 Benchmarking integrated T&D dynamic simulation
 T9D3: constant impedance loads

Voltage (pu)
1
 TDDS vs PSCAD TDDS
phase A PSCAD
 A SLG fault applied at 69 kV bus 50 at 0.5
1.0 s, cleared after 0.07 s 0.5 1 (a) 1.5 2

Voltage (pu)
1
1 TDDS
Positive (TDDS) phase B PSCAD
Positive (PSCAD)
0.5
0.8 Negative (TDDS) 0.5 1 (b) 1.5 2
Voltage magnitude (pu)

Negative (PSCAD)

Voltage (pu)
Zero (TDDS)
0.6 Zero (PSCAD)
1
TDDS
0.35 PSCAD
0.4 0.3
phase C
0.5
0.25
0.2 0.5 1 (c) 1.5 2
0.2
0.15
Time (s)
1 1.02 1.041.061.08
0 3-phase line to ground voltages of bus 52
in the distribution system served by bus 5
0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (s)
3-sequence voltages of bus 5
33
 Applied to FIDVR study under unbalanced conditions
 T39D6 test case
• Load composition in the distribution systems: 50% A/Cs + 50% constant impedances
• A/C performance model: Vstall = 0.65 pu, Tstall = 0.033 s
• A SLG fault applied on phase A of bus 17 at 1.0 s, cleared at 1.07 s
Line-to-neutral voltages of 69 kV bus 150

Voltage (pu)
1
0.8 Phase A
Phase B
0.6 Phase C
0.4
0.95 1 (a) 1.05 1.1
Line-to-neutral voltages of 12.5 kV bus 151
Voltage (pu) 1
Phase A
0.8
Phase B
0.6 Phase C
0.4
3-phase voltages of 0.95 1 (b) 1.05
Line-to-neutral voltages of 12.5 kV bus 158
1.1

buses in the
Voltage (pu)

distribution system 0.8 Phase A

Phase B A/C stalling
0.6
served by bus 15 0.4
Phase C

0.95 1 (c) 1.05 1.1

Time (s) 34
 Impacts of the FIDVR event on a feeder
A/C motors connected to phase A of bus 152
Voltage magnitude(pu)

status
1 0

Bus 151 -1
0 5 10 15 20 25
0.8 Bus 152 (a)
A/C motors connected to phase A of bus 153
Bus 153 1

status
Bus 154 0
0.6 Bus 156 -1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Bus 158 (b)
A/C motors connected to phase A of bus 154
0.4 1

status
0 5 10 15 20 25 0
(a) -1
0 5 10 (c) 15 20 25
1 A/C motors connected to phase A of bus 155
Voltage magnitude(pu)

status
0
-1
0.8 Vstall 0 5 10 (d) 15 20 25
A/C motors connected to phase A of bus 156
1

status
0
0.6 -1
0 5 10 (e) 15 20 25
A/C motors connected to phase A of bus 157
1
0.4 status 0
0.98 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 -1
(b) 0 5 10
(f) 15 20 25
A/C motors connected to phase A of bus 158
Time (s) 1
Phase A voltages of the distribution buses
status

0
-1
served by bus 15 0 5 10
(g)
15 20 25
Time (s)
35
Impacts of the FIDVR event on distribution systems
Currents flowing from transmission system into 69 kV bus 150
6
Phase A
Phase current (pu)
5 Phase B
Phase C
4

2
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (s)
Currents flowing from transmission system into 69 kV bus 150
6
Phase current (pu)

2
0.95 1 1.05 1.1
Time (s)
36
 Impacts of the FIDVR event on distribution systems (2)

1
Bus 158
Bus 168
Bus 188
0.8

Voltage magnitude (pu)

Bus 268
Bus 278
Bus 288
0.6

0.7
A/C
0.4
0.6
stalling
No A/C stalling in
the distribution 0.2 0.5

systems served by
0.4
buses 26 and 28 0
1 1.1 1.2
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (s)
Phase A voltages of the buses at the end of feeders
37
 Impacts of the FIDVR event on transmission system
1.1
Sequence voltages of
transmission buses 15, 27 1

Voltage(pu)
and 28: Bus 15
0.95
0.9 Bus 27
(a) positive sequence 0.9
Bus 28
0.85
0.8 0.8
0.75
0.7 1 1.2
0 5 10 15 20 25
0.2
(a)
0.15 Bus 15
0.15 Bus 27
Voltage(pu)

0.1 Bus 28
0.1
(b) negative sequence 0.05
0.05 1 1.2

-0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25
(b)
Time (s)
38
 Impacts of load unbalance and load composition unbalance

 Load unbalance factor β

1  1 
PLA, i  1
3
PTotal ,i , PLB,i  3
PTotal ,i , PLC,i  3
PTotal ,i
 Load composition unbalance factor α
𝐴 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐵 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐹 𝐿 ,𝑖 =𝐹 𝐿 ,𝑖 −𝛼, 𝐹 𝐿, 𝑖=𝐹 𝐿, 𝑖 ,𝐹 𝐿, 𝑖 =𝐹 𝐿, 𝑖 +𝛼
• is the percentage of A/C loads in the base case, = 50%

Scenarios Three phase loads in the distribution systems

β = 0, α = 0 Phases A,B and C load percentages: 33.3%, 33.3%, 33.3%

(base case) Phases A,B and C A/C load percentages: 50%, 50% and 50%

Phases A,B and C load percentages: 33.3%, 31.67%, 35%

β = 5%, α = 0
Phases A,B and C A/C load percentages: 50%, 50% and 50%
β = 5 %, Phases A,B and C load percentages: 33.3%, 31.67%, 35%
α = 5% Phases A,B and C A/C load percentages: 45%, 50% and 55%
39
 Impacts of load unbalance and load composition
unbalance (2)
Phase A
1  Total load at the substation of
Voltage(pu)

0.8 Phase B

0.6 Phase C bus 5:

0.4 base case 320 MW
0.2  Base case: 3-phase balanced,
0 5 10 15 20 25
(a) 50% A/C
 β = 5%, α = 0
1 Phase A
Voltage(pu)

0.8 Phase B phase load:

0.6
Phase C β = 5% A: 106.7 MW, 50% A/C
0.4 α=0 B: 101.3 MW, 50% A/C
0.2 C: 112 MW, 50% A/C
0 5 10 (b) 15 20 25
 β = 5%, α = 5%
1 Phase A phase load:
Voltage(pu)

0.8 Phase B A: 106.7 MW, 45% A/C

0.6 Phase C β = 5% B: 101.3 MW, 50% A/C
0.4 α = 5% C: 112 MW, 55% A/C
0.2
0 5 10 (c) 15 20 25
Time (s)
Three-phase voltages of bus 158 40
 Impacts of load unbalance and load composition
unbalance (3)

1  Total load at the substation of

Voltage(pu)

0.8 bus 5:
Phase A 320 MW
0.6 Phase B
β = 5%, and α = 0  β = 5%, α = 0
0.4 Phase C phase load:
0.2 A: 106.7 MW, 50% A/C
0 5 10 (a) 15 20 25 B: 101.3 MW, 50% A/C
C: 112 MW, 50% A/C
1  β = 5%, α = 5%
Voltage(pu)

0.8 phase load:

Phase A A: 106.7 MW, 45% A/C
0.6
Phase B B: 101.3 MW, 50% A/C
0.4 β = 5% and α = 5% Phase C
C: 112 MW, 55% A/C
0.2
0 5 10 (b) 15 20 25
Time (s)

Three-phase voltages of bus 150

41
 Impacts of load unbalance and load composition
unbalance (4)
10
Current (pu)

Phase A
Phase B  Total load at the
5 Phase C
substation of bus 5:
base case 320 MW
0
0 5 10 15 20 25  Base case: 3-phase balanced,
Time (s) 50% A/C
10  β = 5%, α = 0
Current (pu)

Phase A
Phase B phase load:
Phase C
5
β = 5% A: 106.7 MW, 50% A/C
α=0 B: 101.3 MW, 50% A/C
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 C: 112 MW, 50% A/C
Time (s)  β = 5%, α = 5%
10 phase load:
Current (pu)

Phase A
Phase B A: 106.7 MW, 45% A/C
Phase C
5
β = 5% B: 101.3 MW, 50% A/C
α = 5% C: 112 MW, 55% A/C
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (s)
Currents flowing into the distribution system at 69 kV bus 150 42
Problem statement
Stage 1
(0.5 – 1 s)
zoom in Stage 2
(6 – 20 s)
TS EMT-TS
Present:
t=0 Tswitch1 Ttotal t

zoom in zoom out

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
(0.5 – 1 s) (0.5 – 1 s) (5 – 20 s)

Proposed: TS EMT-TS TS

t=0 Tswitch1 Tswitch2 Ttotal t

 The overall efficiency is not satisfactory for some cases where the
simulation has to be as long as 20 s
 Proposed solution: switching back to TS simulation after fast dynamics in
the detailed system part settle down
 Challenges: (1) initialization of the detailed system portion for simulation
at stage 3; (2) switching criteria; (3) minimizing the changes to the existing
simulation algorithms
43
Proposed approach
 Maintain individuality of the detailed and the external systems
 Two detailed system representations: EMT and 3-ϕ phasor
 3-ϕ /3-sequence dynamic co-simulation for stages 1 and 3
Boundary bus

Detailed
External system
system

(a) Three-sequence
Three-sequence
Boundary bus Dummy boundary bus Thévenin equivalent Three-sequence phasor, Thévenin equivalent
network solution
Virtual Three-phase Three-sequence
Detailed breaker current injection link subsystem current injection
External system
system
3-phase
phasor, Three-sequence phasor,
(b) dynamic Detailed External TS simulation
Detailed External simulation system system
system system
3-phase
phasor
Three-sequence phasor

3-phase
point- Detailed
on-wave system (c) 44
Proposed approach(2)
 Use of discrete event signals obtained from the EMT simulation to reconcile
the simulation results
 Switching criteria
• Maximum boundary voltage difference less than tolerance for 2 cycles
• The maximum rate of change of boundary current injections less than tolerance

3-phase Detailed system

Detailed phasor,
system Event Signals dynamic
simulation 3-phase Norton
3-phase equivalent
point-on- 3-sequence
wave, current injection
EMT External system
Three-sequence phasor,
3-phase Thévenin TS simulation
equivlaent

An augmented hybrid simulation for stage 2 45

 Test case: A modified IEEE 9 bus system
 A SLG fault is applied at bus 10 at 0.5 s , cleared Bus2
18 kV
Bus 7
230 kV
100+j35MVA Bus 9 Bus 3
230 kV 13.8 kV

after 0.07 s G2
192MVA Bus 8
G3
128MVA
230 kV

 Detailed model and performance model of A/C Detailed

Bus 6
Bus 5 230 kV
system 230 kV
 The effect of using discrete event signals Subtransmission
90+j30MVA

and distribution Bus 4

system 230 kV
Phase A Phase B Phase C
Bus 3
16.5 kV
1 1 1 G1 External
system
0.8 Speed(EM T) 0.8 Speed(EM T) 0.8 Speed(EM T) 247.5MVA
Speed (pu)

Speed (pu)

Speed (pu)
0.6 Status(3 DS) 0.6 Status(3 DS) 0.6 Status(3 DS)
Bus 5 Bus 10 Bus 11 Bus 12
0.4 0.4 0.4 A
230 kV 69 kV 13.8 kV 13.8 kV
230 kV/69kV 69/13.8 kV B
0.2 0.2 0.2 150 MVA 150 MVA
C
10% 8%
Zfeeder
0 0 0 1-Ф A/C
motor
-0.2 -0.2 -0.2
0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2 Constant
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) impedance
Load = 125 +j50 MVA
(a1) (a2) (a3)

1.2 1.2 1.2

Phase A voltage at bus 5 (pu)

Phase B voltage at bus 5 (pu)

Phase C voltage at bus 5 (pu)

1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8

Simulation results of the
0.6
EMT
3 DS
0.6
EMT
3 DS
0.6
EMT
3 DS
detailed system without
0.4 0.4 0.4 sending the A/C motor
0.2 0.2 0.2
status signals from EMT to
0 0 0
0.5 1
Time (s)
1.5 2 0.5 1
Time (s)
1.5 2 0.5 1
Time (s)
1.5 2
3-ϕ dynamic simulation
(b1) (b2) (b3)
46
Test case (2)
• Simulation results of the detailed system with sending the A/C motor status
signals from EMT to 3-ϕ dynamic simulation
Phase A Phase B Phase C

1 1 1
Speed (pu)

Speed (pu)

Speed (pu)
Speed(EM T) Speed(EM T) Speed(EM T)
0.5 Status(3 DS) 0.5 Status(3 DS) 0.5 Status(3 DS)

0 0 0

0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2

Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)
(a1) (a2) (a3)
Phase A voltage at bus 5 (pu)

Phase B voltage at bus 5 (pu)

Phase C voltage at bus 5 (pu)

1 1 1

0.8 0.8 0.8

EMT EMT EMT
0.6 0.6 0.6
3 DS 3 DS 3 DS
0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2

0 0 0
0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)
(b1) (b2) (b3)
47
Test case (3)
 Compared with hybrid simulation without switching back to TS
1.1
With switching back to TS Without switching back to TS
Voltage at bus 5 (pu)

1
1.002
0.9

Speed (pu)
With switching back to TS
0.8 Without switching back to TS 1
Generator at bus 1
0.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.998
time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (s)
1.1
Voltage at bus 7 (pu)

1 1.002

Speed (pu)
0.9 With switching back to TS
1
Without switching back to TS
0.8 Generator at bus 2

0.7 0.998
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time (s) time (s)

Positive sequence voltages of bus 5 and bus 7 1.002

Speed (pu)
Computation 1
Simulation method time for 10 s Generator at bus 3
simulation 0.998
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hybrid simulation without time (s)
switching back to TS simulation 189.2 s
Hybrid simulation with switching
back to TS simulation 15.4 s Speeds of the generators at buses
Three-phase dynamic simulation 1.2 s 1, 2 and 3
48
 A new EMT-TS hybrid
simulation tool OpenHybridSim
has been developed and it is
open-sourced:
www.github.com/OpenHybrid
Sim

Huang, Q. and V. Vittal, “Advanced EMT and Phasor-Domain Hybrid

Simulation with Simulation Mode Switching Capability for Transmission and
Distribution Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 33, No. 6,
pp.6298-6308, November 2018.

49
 Overview

• The approach developed is general and could be

applied to a variety of scenarios
• EMT or phasor domain simulation can be done
either in the transmission system or distribution
system
• In these lectures I have demonstrated how the
method could be used to represent EMT simulation
either in the transmission or distribution systems
• The mixed three-sequence / three-phase capability
of the simulation significantly enhances the
applicability of the proposed approach
50