Chapter 1

Chapter 1
VECTOR ANALYSIS
Capter 1: Vector Analysis 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Vector analysis is a mathematical tool with which electromagnetic concepts

are most conveniently expressed and best comprehended. We must learn its
rules and techniques before we can confidently apply it. Since most students
taking this course have little exposure to vector analysis, considerable
attention is given to it in this.
This chapter introduces the basic concepts of vector algebra in Cartesian

coordinates, Cylindrical coordinates, and Spherical coordinates. A quantity
can be either a scalar or a vector. A scalar is a quantity that is completely
specified by its magnitude. Capter 1: Vector Analysis 2
1.2 SCALAR AND
VECTOR
 A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude:
Quantities such as time, mass, distance, temperature,, electric potential,
and population are scalars
 A vector has not only magnitude, but direction in space:
Vector quantities include velocity, force, momentum, acceleration
displacement, and electric field intensity.
For most of the time, we shall be concerned with scalars and vectors
A vector is usually described in three coordinate systems: perpendicular,
cylindrical, and spherical in space
1.3 CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
- In the Cartesian coordinate system we set

up three coordinate axes mutually at right
Z
⃗
𝒂𝒛
angles to each other, and call them the x, y,

⃗
𝒂𝒚
and z axes.
⃗
𝒂𝒛
X
- Note that the positive x ,y, and z

(<
*)
directions are chosen such that they form

a right-handed system. Figure.1.1
- A point is located by giving its x, y, and z

- Any point other than the origin is now given by the intersection of three planes:
x = constant, y = constant and z = constant
If we visualize three planes intersecting at the

general point P, whose coordinates are x, y, and z,
we may increase each coordinate value by a
differential amount dx, dy and dz then:
 Differential volume is: Figure.1.2

dV = dx.dy.dz
The surfaces have differential areas: The differential displacement:

dSz = dx.dy; dSx =dy.dz; dSy= dz.dx d

Differential normal surface area is:

⃗
𝑧 ⃗𝑧
𝑎
(a) dx = dy.dz;
(b) dy = dx.dz.;
(c) dz = dx.dy;
⃗𝑦
𝑎
⃗
𝑥 ⃗
𝑦 ⃗𝑥
𝑎
Figure1.3

1.3.1 Vector components and uint vectors

- Cwith Bx, By, Bz are known as the components of vector a are the unit vectors
in 0x; 0y and 0z. We may then write:
or
The magnitude of vector:
unit vector in the direction of the vector

and magnitude of unit vector

1.3.1 Vector components and unit vectors
A vector pointing from the origin to point P(x, y, z) is written:
or
 Vector from P1(x1, y1, z1) to P2(x2, y2, z2) is
(x2 –x1)
or :

1.3.1 Vector components and unit vectors

Example 1.1: Two points P, Q are given by , . Find position vector P, Q and
vector draw from P to Q, magnitude of vector , and the unit vector along the line
from P to Q
Figure.1.4
1.3.1 Vector components and uint vectors

Practice problem 1.1: Given point G(2, -2, -1), find
a. Specify the unit vector extending from the origin toward the point G
b. Magnitude of vector from the origin toward the point G
c. The unit vector along the line from origin to G
Answer:
a.
b.
c.

1.3.2 Vector addition and subtraction
Given two vectors: or
And or
⃗𝐴 ± ⃗𝐵=( 𝐴¿ ¿𝑥 ± 𝐵 )𝑎⃗ +( 𝐴 ¿ ¿ 𝑦± 𝐵 ) ⃗𝑎 +( 𝐴 ¿ ¿ 𝑧 ± 𝐵 ) ⃗𝑎 ¿¿¿

𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑧 𝑧
Or : ⃗
𝐴±⃗
𝐵=( 𝐴 𝑥 ; 𝐴 𝑦 ; 𝐴 𝑦 ) ± ( 𝐵 𝑥 ; 𝐵 𝑦 ; 𝐵 𝑦 ) =( 𝐴 ¿ ¿ 𝑥 ± 𝐵𝑥 ; 𝐴 𝑦 ± 𝐵 𝑦 ; 𝐴𝑧 ± 𝐵 𝑧 )¿
Example 1.2: G ; , Find and

1.3.3 Multiplication and division by a scalar
Given two vectors: or
And or
𝑘 (⃗
𝐴±⃗
𝐵 ) =𝑘. ⃗
𝐴± 𝑘 . ⃗
𝐴
Where : k is scalar
Example 1.3: ; , Find a
Solution

Practice Problem 1.4: Given three points M ( -1, 2, 1), N (3, -3, 0) and P (-2,
-3, -4), determine:
Ans:
a.
a. The unit vector along the line from M to P (
Ans:
c. 2,45
d.
e. 15,56
1.3.4 The vector field

Given point P (x, y, z), and is a position vector of point P.
• A scalar filed T is written as T=T()
• ) = T( x, y, z)
The vector field is a vector = ()

Figure.1.6
Ax, Ay, Az are known as the components of vector
() =
1.3.4 The vector field
Example: A vector filed is expressed in cartesian coordinates as
a. Find evaluate at P (2,3,4)

b. Determine a unit vector that gives the direction of at P (2,3,4)
c. Specify the surface on which =1
Solution

1.3.5 The dot product

Given two vectors: or and or
 The dot product (scalar product):
. (where , are magnitude of
 For the unit vectors we have ⃗𝐴.⃗

𝑎 𝑎 𝐴=1
;; ;;

 Note that dot product obeys the following
Commutative law : ;
 Using distributive property for the dot product
 The component (scalar) of in the direction specified by the unit vector as

⃗
𝑨
Figure.1.7
|⃗
𝐴 𝐵|=⃗ ⃗ 𝐵 =|⃗
𝐴. 𝑎 𝐴|.|⃗
𝑎 𝐵|. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝐴𝐵 ⃗
𝑩
|⃗
𝐴 𝐵|

 The scalar component of in the direction of the unit vector is )
)
 The vector component of in the direction of the unit vector
).
• Note:
⃗
𝑨
⃗
𝑨− ⃗
𝑨𝑩
𝜃 𝐴𝐵
Fig 1.5b
Capter 1: Vector Analysis

⃗
𝑨 ⃗
𝑩 18
𝑩

The dot product operation is commutative since
⃗ 𝐵=|⃗
𝐴.⃗ 𝐴|.|⃗
𝐵|. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼=|⃗
𝐵|.|⃗
𝐴|. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼=⃗
𝐵 .⃗
𝐴
The distributive property also holds for the dot product
⃗ 𝐵+ ⃗
𝐴 .( ⃗ 𝐶 ) =⃗
𝐴. ⃗ 𝐴.⃗
𝐵+ ⃗ 𝐶

Example 1.5: In oder illustrate these definitions and operations, let us consider
the vector filed and the point Q(4, 5, 2), find wish to find unit vector ).
Calculate:
a. at Q.
b. The scalar component of at Q in the direction
c. The vector component of at Q i
d. The angle between and
Ans: a. , b. , c. , d.

Practice problem 1.5: The three vertices of a triangle are located at
, find
a. ;
b. The angle () at vertex
c. The (vector) projection of on
Ans: a. ; ;
b. c.

Thêm
1.3.6 The cross product dấu trừ
Figure.1.8
 Define: cross product ⃗
⃗𝑛
𝑎 ⃗ 𝑎
𝐵 𝑛 ⃗
𝐵
.
is the unit vector in the direction of ⃗

𝐴 ⃗
𝐴
advance of the right-hand (screw) Right-hand rule Right-handed
crew rule
 This can be expressed in determinant form in the manner
Thêm dấu trừ

1.2.4 The cross product
The cross product operation is not commutative since

)
 For the unit vectors , , we have
Figure.1.9
Example 1.6: Given two vectors and . Find angle between and by
a. Dot product
b. Cross product
Ans:
Solution

Practice problem 1.6: F and
a. Dot product
b. Cross product
Ans:

1.4 CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
: radial distance from

P to z-xis
Fig.1.10
• A point P in cylindrical coordinates is ∅ =𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕

⃗𝒂 𝒛
represented as P , z) and is show in Fig.1.11.
𝒛=𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕
We define each space variable ⃗
𝒂∅
𝑷 (𝝆; ∅ ;𝒛)
 is the radius (radial distance) of the cylinder
passing through P from the z-axis
⃗𝒂 𝝆 𝝆
∅
 called the azimuthal angle, is measured
M
from the x-axis in xy-plane 𝝆=𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕 ∅
 z is the same in the cartesian system Fig.1.11

Location of a point in a cartesian
∅ =𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕
coordinate system by the ⃗
𝒂𝒛
intersection of three planes 𝒛=𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕
⃗
𝒂∅
(z =constant, =constant, =constant) 𝑷 (𝝆 ; ∅ ; 𝒛)
- We note that the ranges of the
variables:
⃗𝒂 𝝆 𝝆
∅
M
𝝆=𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕 ∅
Fig.1.12

 A vector in cylindrical coordinates can be written as

hay
 The magnitude of vector is:
• Define: three unit vectors: in cylindrical coordinates and is normal to
the plane ; is normal to the plane ; is normal to the plane
The dot product and cross product:
;;

 The three differential length elements:
dρ; ρd and d
 The differential displacement:
+d
 Differential surface area is:

dρ =d =; dz =
 Differential normal surface area is :
Fig.1.13
dρ = d = ; dz =
 Differential volume is given
by :
dv = ρdρddz
Example 1.7: Consider the object shown in Figure. calculate

a. Length BC and CD 𝑪(5 ;
𝜋
; 10)
0 2
𝑫 (5 ; 0 ;10)
b. The surface area ABCD, ABO, AOFD,
c. The volume ABCDFO
𝜋
Solution 𝑩(5 ;
2
; 0)
d. 10, 2,5 0
𝑨 (5 ; 0 ; 0)
e. 25, 6,25, 50 Fig.1.14
f. 62,5

Practice problem 1.7 : Consider the object shown in Fig.1.15 , let , Find
B
a. The volume of the object z
𝜌 =3A C
b. The surface area ABCD, A’B’C’D’, AA’D’D
𝑧 = 4𝜌 =5D
c. The surface area BCC’B’, A’B’BA, ABB’A’
B’
0
∅ =8 0 0 C’
A’ y
x ∅ =10 0 0
𝑧 =−2 D’
Fig.1.15

 The relationships between the variables (x; y; z) of the Cartesian
coordinate system and those of the cylindrical system are easily obtained
figure as
From Cylindrical to From Cartesian to

Cartesian Cylindrical
,
y ,
z=z z=z
Fig.1.16

It should be noted that : in computing from y and x, consideration should be given

to the quadrant of the xy-plane in which the projection of the point P on to the xy-
plane lies
If then then (quadrant I)
if and then (quadrant II)
If then then (quadrant III)
and then (quadrant IV)

 In matrix form, we write the transformation of vector from to
sin; c; =
 Tto
sin; c; =

Example 1.8: Given point P( Express P and in cylindrical. Evaluate at P in the

cartesian, cylindrical
Ans: , ,
, 6,083

Practice problem 1.8:
1. Convert point C(from cylindrical to Cartesian
2. Convert point D(from cartesian to cylindrical
3. express vector CD in Cartesian
4. Find the distance CD
Ans:
1. C( x 1.86, y =3.99, z = 2);
2. D()
3. ?
4. 8,36

Example 1.9:
1. Transform vector + 6at point from Cartesian to cylindrical
2. Transform vector + 3 a from cylindrical to Cartesian
Ans:
1.
2. + 3

1.5 SPHERICAL COORDINATES
𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑡  A point P can be represented and is illustrated

⃗
𝒂𝒓 in Fig.1.17
 r is defined as the distance from the origin to
⃗
𝒂∅
point P or the radius of a sphere centered at
the origin and passing through P
 (called the colatitude) is the angle between
⃗
𝒂𝜽
the z-axis and the position vector of P
∅ =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑡 𝑧 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑡
 is measured from the x- axis (the same
Fig.1.17
azimuthal angle in cylindrical coordinates)
 In spherical coordinates, the ranges of the
⃗
variables are
𝒂𝒓
⃗
𝒂∅
⃗
𝒂∅
 A vector in spherical coordinates may be written as

hay
 The magnitude of vector is:
Fig.1.18

 The three differential length elements:
Fig.1.19
dr ,
 The differential displacement
𝑑⃗
𝐿=𝑑𝑟 𝑎⃗ 𝑟 +𝑟𝑑 𝜃 𝑎⃗ 𝜃 +𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑 ∅ ⃗𝑎∅
 Differential surface area is:
;
 Differential normal surface area is:
;
 Differential volume is given by:
dV = r2.sinθdr.dθd
Example 1.10 : For the object is part of a spherical shell. It may be
described as 3, where surface is the same as AEHD, is AEFB, and surface
is ABCD. Calculate
a. The arc length DH
b. The arc length FG
c. The surface area AEHD and ABCD
d. The volume of object
Fig.1.20
Ans a.
: 0,7854; b. 2,168; c. 1,197; d. 1,189; d. 4,278;
 The space variable (x; y; z) in cartesian coordinates can be related to variables of
a spherical coordinate system
from Cartesian to
from Spherical to Spherical
Cartesian )
y ()
z = r.cos = artan (x > 0, y > 0)
Fig.1.21

The space variable () in cylindrical coordinates can be related to variables of a
spherical coordinate system
From Spherical to From Cylindrical to

Cylindrical Spherical
z= =
Fig.1.22

 Conversion of a vector from Cartesian to spherical
Transform vector (; ; ) (; ; ) Transform vector (; ; ) (; ; )

Example 1.11: Given point P( vector express P a spherical coordinates. Evaluate

at P in spherical system
Solution
Practice problem 1.11:

a. Given point P(T(S( from Cartesian to spherical coordinates
b. Transform vector to spherical coordinates

1.6 Relationships between Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates
Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

1.6 Relationships between Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical Coordinates
Cylindrical cartesian Spherical

1.6 Relationships1.6 Mối Cartesian,
between quan hệ Cylindrical,
giữa các hệ tọa
and độ
Spherical Coordinates
Spherical Cartesian Cylindrical

and độ
Example 1.12: Gand point A(

a. Find at point A
b. Calculate at point A
c. Express vector normal of to surface at point A
d. The scalar component tangential to surface at point A
Ans:

and độ
Practice problem 1.12: Given avector file, determine

a. at P(
b. The component of tangential to spherical surface at point P
Ans:

1.7 Line, Surface, And Volume Integrals
The familiar concept of integration will now be extended to

cases in which the integrand involves a vector. By “line”
we mean the path along a curve in space. We shall use
terms such as line, curve, and contour interchangeably
- The line integral is the integral of the tangential
Fig.1.23
component along curve L
- as the line integral of around L (see Figure 1.23). If the path of integration is
a closed curve such as abca in Figure 1.23, eq becomes a closed contour
integral

Given a vector field , continuous in a region

containing the smooth surface S, we define the
surface integral or the flux of through S (see
Figure 2.24) as ( is the unit normal to S)
Fig.1.24
- For a closed surface integral:
- For a volume integral: ( is the scalar)

Example 1.13: Given that , calculate the circulation of around the (closed) path
shown in Figure 2.25
Ans:
Fig.1.25

Practice problem 1.13: Calculate the circulation of , around the edge L of the
wedge defined by and shown in Figure 1.26
Ans:
Fig.1.26

Example 1.14: Let , Find the flux through surface .
Practice problem 1.14: If , calculate the flux of passing through the .

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Capter 1: Vector Analysis 1

Vector analysis is a mathematical tool with which electromagnetic concepts

This chapter introduces the basic concepts of vector algebra in Cartesian

- In the Cartesian coordinate system we set

angles to each other, and call them the x, y,

- Note that the positive x ,y, and z

directions are chosen such that they form

- A point is located by giving its x, y, and z

If we visualize three planes intersecting at the

 Diﬀerential volume is: Figure.1.2

The surfaces have differential areas: The differential displacement:

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 5

Diﬀerential normal surface area is:

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 6

1.3.1 Vector components and uint vectors

The magnitude of vector:

unit vector in the direction of the vector

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 7

1.3.1 Vector components and unit vectors

A vector pointing from the origin to point P(x, y, z) is written:

 Vector from P1(x1, y1, z1) to P2(x2, y2, z2) is

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 8

1.3.1 Vector components and unit vectors

1.3.1 Vector components and uint vectors

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 10

⃗𝐴 ± ⃗𝐵=( 𝐴¿ ¿𝑥 ± 𝐵 )𝑎⃗ +( 𝐴 ¿ ¿ 𝑦± 𝐵 ) ⃗𝑎 +( 𝐴 ¿ ¿ 𝑧 ± 𝐵 ) ⃗𝑎 ¿¿¿

Example 1.2: G ; , Find and

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 11

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 12

a. The unit vector along the line from M to P (

1.3.4 The vector field

The vector field is a vector = ()

a. Find evaluate at P (2,3,4)

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 15

1.3.5 The dot product

 The dot product (scalar product):

. (where , are magnitude of

 For the unit vectors we have ⃗𝐴.⃗

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 16

 Using distributive property for the dot product

 The component (scalar) of in the direction specified by the unit vector as

1.3.5 The dot product

Capter 1: Vector Analysis

1.3.5 The dot product

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 19

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 20

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 21

is the unit vector in the direction of ⃗

Thêm dấu trừ

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 22

1.2.4 The cross product

The cross product operation is not commutative since

 For the unit vectors , , we have

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 24

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 25

: radial distance from

• A point P in cylindrical coordinates is ∅ =𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 27

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 28

 A vector in cylindrical coordinates can be written as

Capter 1: Vector Analysis 29

 Diﬀerential surface area is: