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Margaretha 2014 P1 Dan P2 PENGANTAR PSI ABNORMAL (ICD. DSM IV, PPDGJ)
Margaretha 2014 P1 Dan P2 PENGANTAR PSI ABNORMAL (ICD. DSM IV, PPDGJ)
PENGANTAR
Symptoms
Signs – patterns of cognition and behavior that can be
objectively observed (sleep disturbances)
Timing – symptoms and signs must be present at a
certain frequency (most of the day, more days than not)
for a certain duration (two consecutive weeks)
Impairment
Statistical Data
Incidence – percentage of new cases that develop during a
certain period – perkembangan kasus
Ex: 47% of schizophrenia cases develop between the ages of
18-30
Prevalence – percentage of the population who have the
disorder during a certain period – prosentasi kasus dari
populasi
Ex: 5% of Americans meet criteria for Major Depression during
any 6 month period
2 dari 3 perempuan mengalami depresi pasca melahirkan
Lifetime and point prevalence are special cases
Diskusi
Seorang psikolog ahli menyatakan sekitar
20% penduduk Indonesia mengalami
depresi dan kasus mental illness semakin
meningkat dengan peningkatan rata-rata 5
% per tahun dalam dasawarsa terakhir ini.
Diskusi
Tn W, seorang laki-laki umur 40 tahun, dibawa ke Rumah
Sakit oleh beberapa orang tetangganya karena mengamuk dan
merusak beberapa rumah warga.
Dikatakan oleh tetangganya dia sudah bertahun-tahun
menderita penyakit gila. Dia pernah dipondokkan ke rumah
sakit jiwa namun tidak dikontrolkan secara rutin. Apabila
kambuh sering mengamuk dan merusak.
Pada saat datang di rumah sakit pasien tampak gelisah dan
agitatif. Dokter segera memberikan obat penenang. Setelah
pasien tenang pemeriksaan dapat dilakukan dan ditemukan
adanya halusinasi dengar dan waham magik mistik.
2. KLASIFIKASI & DIAGNOSIS
Classification and Diagnosis
Diagnosa adalah disusun
berdasarkan informasi individu
yag didapat dari Assessment
psikologis dengan acuan sistem
Klasifikasi
KLASIFIKASI
Membedakan sindrom-sindrom perilaku yang
berkaitan dengan gejala gangguan mental tertentu
dari sindrom-sindrom perilaku gangguan mental
yang lain
Sindrom halusinasi, delusi, dan problem arus berpikir
gangguan Psikotik Schizophrenic
Sindrom konsentrasi berkurang, harga diri dan
kepercayaan diri berkurang, menarik diri, tidur & makan
terganggu gangguan depresi
CLASSIFICATION
systematic grouping based on shared or related traits
Approaches to Classification
Categorical
– ada gejala atau tidak ada gejala
– sifat: Objective, discrete
Dimensional
– ada level/intensitas gangguan, ringan-berat
– sifat: Objective, continuous
Prototypical
– ada gejala yang menunjukkan sindrom klasik ada yang
khas/berbeda
– sifat: Subjective, usually discrete
Sistem klasifikasi categorical
gangguan mental yang paling
banyak digunakan
ICD 10
DSM IV
PPDGJ
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM)
Dipublikasi by the American
Psychiatric Association (APA)
The “diagnostic bible” paling sering
digunakan di dunia
SEJARAH
Akhir abad 19
Different illness required different treatments maka diperlukan
prosedur diagnosis, klasifikasi gangguan, pencatatan metode treatment
yang tepat
Diagnostic and Statistic manual of Mental Disorders
I (1952) approved by APA
II (1968) heavily influenced by Psychoanalytic theory
diagnosticians had difficulties agreeing with each other
III (1980) more objective description of behavior, rather than inferred
traits
number of categories increased (<100 >200)
Continuing reliability problems
IV (1994) based on empirical efforts and expert opinion
Put cultural consideration in the diagnosis process
Tahun 2000 DSM IV-TR (text revision)
DSM V – Mei 2013 – masih kontroversial
1 Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence
2 Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders
3 Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition Not Elsewhere
Classified
4 Substane-Related Disorders
5 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
6 Mood Disorders
7 Anxiety Disorders
8 Somatoform Disorders
9 Factitious Disorders
10 Dissociative Disorders
11 Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder
12 Eating Disorders
13 Sleep Disorders
14 Impulse-Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified
15 Adjustment Disorders
16 Personality Disorders
DSM V
1. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
2. Autism Spectrum Disorder
3. Bereavement Exclusion
4. Conduct Disorder
5. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
6. Eating Disorders
7. Gender Dysphoria
8. Intellectual Disability
9. Internet Gaming Disorder (Section III)
10. Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
11. Mixed Features Specifier
12. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
13. Paraphilic Disorders
14. Personality Disorders
15. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
16. Schizophrenia
17. Sleep-Wake Disorders
18. Social Anxiety Disorder
19. Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
20. Somatic Symptom Disorder
21. Specific Learning Disorder
22. Substance Use Disorder
4. PPDGJ III
Pedoman Penggolongan dan Diagnosis Gangguan Jiwa III
di Indonesia
Diterbitkan tahun 1993 oleh Direktorat Kesehatan Jiwa,
Direktorat Jenderal Pelayanan Medik, dan Departemen
Kesehatan RI
Mengacu dari DSM IV,
Bukan teoritik lebih berupa gambaran klinis
Tujuan:
1. Bidang pelayanan kesehatan: keseragaman diagnosis
2. Bidang pendidikan: komunikasi akademik
3. Bidang penelitian: batasan kriteria operasional diagnosis gg. jiwa
5. ICD - 10
The International Statistical
Classification of Diseases and Related
Health Problems
provides codes to classify diseases and a
wide variety of signs, symptoms,
abnormal findings, complaints, social
circumstances and external causes of
injury or disease.
published by the World Health
Organization (WHO)
Chapter Blocks Title
I A00-B99 Certain infectious and parasitic diseases
II C00-D48 Neoplasms
III D50-D89 Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and disorders involving immune-
mechanism
IV E00-E90 Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases
V F00-F99 Mental and behavioral disorders
VI G00-G99 Diseases of the nervous system
VII H00-H59 Diseases of the eye and adnexa
VIII H60-H95 Diseases of the ear and mastoid process
IX I00-I99 Diseases of the circulatory system
X J00-J99 Diseases of the respiratory system
XI K00-K93 Diseases of the digestive system
XII L00-L99 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
XIII M00-M99 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
XIV N00-N99 Diseases of the genitourinary system
XV O00-O99 Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
XVI P00-P96 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
XVII Q00-Q99 Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities
XVIII R00-R99 Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
XIX S00-T98 Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes
XX V01-Y98 External causes of morbidity and mortality
XXI Z00-Z99 Factors influencing health status and contact with health services
XXII U00-U99 Codes for special purposes
Mental and behavioral disorders
F00-F09 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders
F10-F19 Mental and behavioural disorders due to
psychoactive substance use
F20-F29 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders
F30-F39 Mood [affective] disorders
F40-F48 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders
F50-F59 Behavioural syndromes associated with
physiological disturbances and physical factors
F60-F69 Disorders of adult personality and behaviour
F70-F79 Mental retardation
F80-F89 Disorders of psychological development
F90-F98 Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset
usually occurring in childhood and
adolescence
F99 Unspecified mental disorder
Dimensional approach
the use of rating scales
Beck Depression Inventory
DIAGNOSIS
Menyusun suatu dugaan sindrom
gangguan berdasarkan informasi
yang didapatkan dari pengamatan
gejala dan psychological
assessment.
Diagnosis disusun berdasarkan informasi yang berasal dari
Psychological Assessment
Riset
Survey
Observasi
Pengembangan teori
Clinical case history
Experiment
Tujuan diagnosis
1. Mengkomunikasikan gejala
2. Mengetahui etiologi
3. Menentukan treatment yang sesuai
4. Membantu mengarahkan proses
penelitian/investigasi
Multiaxial Diagnosis – DSM IV
Gangguan mental manusia sangat kompleks
(Human disorders is multifaceted)
Disorders dapat berasal dari gangguan psikologis,
sosial, kepribadian, fisik, organis
Perlu diagnosis yang comprehensive mencakup
dimensi-dimensi gangguan mental manusia
Dalam DSM V menjadi 2 Axis saja
Keperluan belajar, anda akan mempelajari
diagnosa multiaxial dasar
Multiaxial Diagnosis
Axis I: gangguan klinis (Clinical Disorder)
– focus of treatment
Axis II: gangguan kepribadian (Personality Disorder) dan
Mental Retardation
– intractable psychological problems
Axis III: Kondisi medis yang turut berpengaruh (General
medical condition)
– that may affect the disorder or treatment
Axis IV: Problem psikososial & lingkungan (Psychosocial &
environment problems)
– that may affect the disorder or treatment
Axis V: Penilaian fungsi global sehari-hari (Global Assessment
of Fungctioning)
The Global Assessment of Functioning
(GAF)
A numeric scale (0 through 100)
Used by mental health clinicians and doctors to
rate
Social
Occupational
Psychological functioning of adults
Children and adolescents under the age of 18 are
evaluated on the Children’s Global Assessment
Scale, or C-GAS.
91-100 Superior functioning in a wide range of activities, life's problems never seem to get
out of hand, is sought out by others because of his or her many qualities. No symptoms.
81-90 Absent or minimal symptoms, good functioning in all areas, interested and involved
in a wide range of activities, socially effective, generally satisfied with life, no more than
everyday problems or concerns.
71-80 If symptoms are present they are transient and expectable reactions to psychosocial
stresses; no more than slight impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning.
61-70 Some mild symptoms OR some difficulty in social, occupational, or school
functioning, but generally functioning pretty well, has some meaningful interpersonal
relationships.
51-60 Moderate symptoms OR any moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school
functioning.
41-50 Serious symptoms OR any serious impairment in social, occupational, or school
functioning.
31-40 Some impairment in reality testing or communication OR major impairment in
several areas, such as work or school, family relations, judgment, thinking, or mood.
21-30 Behavior is considerably influenced by delusions or hallucinations OR serious
impairment in communications or judgment OR inability to function in all areas.
11-20 Some danger of hurting self or others OR occasionally fails to maintain minimal
personal hygiene OR gross impairment in communication.
1-10 Persistent danger of severely hurting self or others OR persistent inability to
maintain minimum personal hygiene OR serious suicidal act with clear expectation of
death.
0 Not enough information available to provide GAF.
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis bandingan
Gejala-gejala gangguan mental yang dimunculkan pasien
menggambarkan beberapa kriteria gangguan yang
berkaitan secara hirarkis (primer dan sekunder).
Ex: X mengalami Dementia karena infeksi virus Creutzfeld-
Jacob 6 bulan lalu. Namun sejak 2 bulan terakhir ia juga
mengalami delusi paranoia akan dibunuh (waham) yang berat
D: gangguan mental organis (primary diagnosis)
DD: psikotik (secondary)
Apa yang akan dilakukan: observasi berlanjut untuk
menetapkana apakah
Gangguan yang dominan yang pasti, DD akan dihapus
Comorbidity of diagnosis; jika memang terjadi 2 gangguan
Berkaitan dengan treatment yang tepat
Comorbidity in diagnosis
Gejala-gejala ganguan mental yang dimunculkan pasien
dapat diklasifikasi dalam beberapa kriteria gangguan,
sehingga seorang clinician menyusun lebih dari 1
diagnosa (2 diagnosa atau lebih)
Ex: Autisme dan Retardasi mental
Kedua gangguan akan ditangani sesuai dengan
karakternya masing-masing
Akan sulit jika treatment tidak sikron/non harmonis
Solusi: treat yang paling dominan, atau yang akan
mendukung perubahan gangguan yang lain
3. EVALUASI KLASIFIKASI &
DIAGNOSIS
Kelebihan KLASIFIKASI
1. Memudahkan penyusunan diagnosis
2. Membantu komunikasi gangguan
3. Mendapatkan informasi dari pengamatan
klinis terdahulu untuk medis praktis
dan penelitian
4. Kesepakatan penggunaan sistem
klasifikasi secara internasional
komunikasi klinis dan ilmiah
Kelemahan KLASIFIKASI
Klasifikasi dapat menjadi stigma bagi individu yang
mengalaminya (Labeling)
Ex: former mental patient