Acid Bases and Salts

LET’S BE REAL
 KEY DESCRIPTIVE WORDS

CORROSIVE

SOUR

STRONG

WEAK
Common Laboratory Acids
ON THE OTHER HAND………

Some common acids found at home

DEFINITION OF AN ACID

 An acid is a substance which An acid can ONLY display its properties when
when added to water produces it’s dissolved in water.
hydrogen ions H+ ( also known as In its ‘dry’ state it is described as being
protons) . ANHYDROUS.
 Acids can be categorized several General Equation: H20 + H+ H30+
ways:
 STRONG VS WEAK
 MINERAL VS ORGANIC
 MONOBASIC VS DIBASIC VS
TRIBASIC
STRONG VS WEAK
 A strong acid is one that completely ionizes/ dissociates in an aqueous
solution.
 Weak acid is one that ionizes/ dissociates incompletely in an aqueous
solution.
 Example:

In the first equation the Hydrochloric acid dissociates to form a hydrogen ion
(cation) and a chloride ion (anion). Note the arrow.
In the second equation there is a different arrow . It signifies the dissociation
of ethanoic acid ( vinegar) to form the ethanoate ion and the hydrogen ion as
well as the rejoining of the ethanoate ion and the hydrogen ion to reform
ethanoic acid.
Mineral vs Organic
 Mineral acids are derived from rock/ mineral sources
 Examples : Hydrochloric acid
 Nitric Acid
 Sulphuric Acid
 Phosphoric Acid
Two noteworthy properties of mineral acids are solubility and corrosively. Mineral acids
tend to be soluble in water, but not soluble in organic solvents. They are highly
corrosive.
Organic acids are derived from plant/ animal sources
Examples : Ethanoic Acid (vinegar)
Citric Acid ( citrus fruits)
Oxalic Acid
Formic Acid ( ant’s bite)
Some popular Organic Acids
Basicity

 The number of hydrogen ions that are yielded when an acid in placed in an
aqueous solution.

 Some acids yield 1 Hydrogen ion and are called Monobasic e.g. HCl

 Some acids yield 2 Hydrogen ions and are called Dibasic e.g. H2SO4

 Some acids yield 3 Hydrogen ions and are called Tribasic e.g. H3PO4
Making Acids

 Acids are produced by dissolving oxides of non- metals

Examples of Oxides of Non Metals

 SO2 Sulphur dioxide

 SO3 Sulphur trioxide

 CO2 Carbon dioxide

 NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

 N2O5 Dinitrogen Pentoxide

Associated Equations
Characteristic Reactions of Acids

 1. React with indicators . With Universal indicator , the exact colour depends
on the pH of the acid.

 2. React with Active Metals (metals above hydrogen in the Reactivity Series)
to produce hydrogen gas and a salt.

 3.Acids react with Metal Oxides ( Bases) to produce a salt and water.

 4. Acids react with a Metal Carbonate to produce a salt, carbon dioxide and
water.
Acid and a Metal
Test for Hydrogen Gas
Acid and a Base - Neutralization
Acid and a Metal Carbonate
Bases

 A base is a metal oxide or a metal hydroxide

 Examples include Sodium oxide, Sodium hydroxide, Potassium oxide,
Potassium hydroxide , Copper oxide, Copper hydroxide
 Bases can be soluble or insoluble
 Soluble bases are called ALKALIS
Characteristics of a Base

 Proton (H+ ) Acceptors

 Caustic
 Soapy
 Bitter Taste
 pH more than 7
Chemical Reactions of a Base

Acid + Base Salt + Water

 HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

 Strong bases ionize completely in an aqueous solution

 NaOH + H2O Na+ (aq) + OH-( aq)

 Weak bases ionizes incompletely

NH3 +H2O NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)
Salt Preparation
Definition:
Solubility Table
Insoluble Salts Preparation
Preparation of Lead (II) Iodide
Preparation of a Soluble Salt
Copper (II) Sulphate