Excitable Tissues:

Nervous and Muscular

Tissues
• Nervous and muscular
tissue are excitable tissues
• Membrane potential
(electrical charge)
changes due to a
stimuli, resulting in a
response

• Membrane potential =
electrical difference
(voltage) across cell
membrane
• Nerve cells  rapid
transmission of
signals to other cells
• Muscle cells 
contraction of cells
 Nervous
tissuefor communication by electrical and
• Specialized
chemical signals

Consists of:
1. Neurons (nerve cells)
• Detect stimuli, respond quickly, transmit
coded information rapidly to other cells
• Three main parts:
• Neurosoma (cell body)
• Dendrites
• Axon (nerve fibre)

2. Neuroglia (glial)
• Protects and assists neurons
• More numerous than neurons
Fig. 5.24
 Muscular
tissue
• Elongated cells specialized to
contract due to stimulation
• Exert physical force on other
tissues and organs
• Creates movement via:
• Body and limb
movement
• Digestion
• Waste elimination
• Breathing
• Speech
• Blood circulation
• Important source of body
heat
Muscular Tissue
Types
1. Skeletal – voluntary, made of muscle
fibres containing striations (dark and light
bands)
• Most skeletal muscle attach to bone
• Contains multiple nuclei

2. Cardiac – only in heart, involuntary,

striated
• Myocytes (cardiocytes) are branched,
shorter than skeletal muscle fibres
• Contain one nucleus, intercalated discs join
cardiocytes end to end

3. Smooth – involuntary and lacks striations

• Most is visceral muscle, making up parts of
the walls of hollow organs

Fig. 5.25, 5.26, 5.27

 Today’s Lecture – Unit 3
Blood (Ch. 18)
• Intro
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Platelets and Hemostasis
The Heart (Ch. 19)
• Overview
Ch. 18 opener: A red blood cell,
• Gross Anatomy of the Heart white blood cells, and four platelets
• Cardiac Muscle and
Conduction
The Circulatory System
Circulatory system:
1. Heart
2. Blood vessels
3. Blood

Cardiovascular system
 only the heart and blood
vessels

Hematology—the study of blood

Functions of
Circulatory system

Transport
• O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells

Protection
• Inflammation, limit spread of infection, destroy
microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralize toxins, and initiate
clotting
Regulation
• Fluid balance, stabilizes pH of extracellular fluid,
and temperature control
Blood
Adults: 4-6 L of blood
A liquid connective
tissue consisting of cells
and extracellular matrix
A. Plasma: matrix of
blood
 Clear, light yellow fluid
B. Formed elements:
blood cells and cell
fragments
 Red blood cells (RBCs)
 White blood cells (WBCs) Fig. 18.2
 Platelets
Blood Plasma (liquid portion of blood)
Components of Plasma:
1. Proteins
 Albumins: smallest, most abundant
 Globulins (antibodies)
 Fibrinogen
2. Nitrogenous compounds
 Free amino acids from dietary protein
or tissue breakdown
 Nitrogenous wastes (urea)
3. Nutrients
 Glucose, vitamins, fats,
cholesterol, phospholipids, and
minerals
4. Dissolved O2, CO2, and
nitrogen Fig. 18.2
5. Electrolytes
Serum=
Na+ 90%remaining
of plasmafluid when blood clots and solids removed
cations
• Identical to plasma except absence of fibrinogen
 Hematocrit
Volume RBCs : Total Volume (%)

Centrifuge blood to
separate components
 Erythrocytes heaviest
 37-52% total volume

 White blood cells and

platelets
 1% total volume

 Buffy coat

 Plasma
 Remainder of volume

 47-63% Fig. 18.2

Formed
Elements

1. Erythrocytes
 red blood cells (RBCs)
2. Platelets
 cell fragments

3. Leukocytes:
 white blood cells
(WBCs) Fig.
1. Granulocytes (with granules)
18.1
a. Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
2. Agranulocytes (without granules) What do erythrocytes and platelets
a. Lymphocytes, Monocytes lack that the other formed elements
have?
Hemopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis

Leukopoiesis

Erythropoiesis

Fig. 1.13
The Immune
System. Parham
 Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Functions
1. Carry oxygen from lungs  cell tissues
2. Pick up CO2 from tissues  lungs

Disc-shaped (biconcave) cell with

thick rim
 Lose nearly all organelles
during development
 Lack mitochondria

 Anaerobic fermentation to

produce ATP
 Lack nucleus and DNA

 No protein synthesis or

mitosis
 ↑ surface area/volume ratio
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Each Hb molecule:
4 protein chains =
Globins
 Adult Hb 2 α and 2 β chains
 Globins bind CO2

4 Heme groups
 Non-protein moiety
that binds O2 to iron
(Fe) at center
Fig. 18.5
 Erythrocyte Disorders:
- Anemia:
- Deficiency in
RBCs or Hb
- Polycythemia:
- Excess RBCs

Fig. 18.10

https://youtu.be/ZSpFVPBEeLk
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Least abundant formed
elements eosinophil

Conspicuous nuclei
 violet to dark purple in
blood stains
Retain their organelles
More abundant in
connective tissues
1. Granulocytes Fig. 18.17

2. Agranulocytes
 Granulocytes
- Contain specific granules that stain conspicuously
and distinguish cell types

1. Neutrophils (60-70%):
• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
• Barely visible granules in
cytoplasm
• 3-5-lobed nucleus

2. Eosinophils (2-4%):
• Large rosy-orange granules (eosin)
• bilobed nucleus

3. Basophils (<1%):
• Large, abundant, violet granules (methylene
blue) (obscure a large S-shaped nucleus)

Table 18.6
Agranulocytes
Do not contain specific granules

1. Lymphocytes
• 25-33%
• Variable bluish cytoplasm
• Ovoid/round
• Uniform dark violet nucleus

2. Monocytes
• 3-8%
• Usually largest WBC
• Ovoid
• Kidney-, or horseshoe-
shaped nucleus
• Differentiate into macrophages
in tissue
Table 18.6
White Blood Cells Normal
White Blood Cell Disorders:
 Leukopenia:
 low white blood cell count (<5000/ul)
 Lead, arsenic, mercury poisoning
 Radiation sickness
 Infectious diseases (i.e. AIDS)
 Leukocytosis:
 high white blood cell count (>10000/ul)
 Infection, allergy

 Complete Blood Count (CBC):

 # RBCs, # WBCs, platelets and
relative #s of WBCs
 Hematocrit, Hb content, RBC size

 Leukemia:
 Cancer of hemopoietic
tissues
Monocytic Leukemia
 abnormally high number Fig. 18.19
of circulating leukocytes
Question
Which of these is a
granulocyte?
a. monocyte
b. lymphocyte
c. macrophage
d. eosinophil
e. erythrocyte
Platelets
small fragments of
megakaryocyte cells
2-4m diameter
contain “granules”
Important for
hemostasis

Normal platelet
count
 130,000-400,000
platelets/L
Platelets and Hemostasis
Hemostasis = the cessation of
bleeding
Stopping potentially fatal leaks
Hemorrhage = excessive bleeding
Vasoconstriction

Platelet Bloo
Platelet plug d
clot
Vesse
Collagen
Endothelial cells l
fibers
injury
(a) Vascular spasm (b) Platelet plug formation (c) Coagulation
Figure
18.21
Fill-in-the-blanks
1. Production of all the formed elements of blood
is called .

2. The percentage of blood volume composed of

RBCs is called the .

3. The overall cessation of bleeding, involving

several mechanisms, is called .

4. An excessively high RBC count is called

.
The Heart (ch19)
A. Overview and Gross
Anatomy of the
Heart
B. Cardiac Muscle and
Conduction
C. Coronary Circulation

Fig. 19.5
 Does most of
the heart lie to
the right or left
of the median
plane?

Position, Size, and Shape

of the Heart
 Located in mediastinum, between
lungs
 Base
 wide, superior portion,
large vessels attach here
 Apex
 tapered inferior end, tilts to
left
 Pericardium:
 Double-walled sac that
encloses the heart
Fig. 19.2
The Pericardium
= Double-walled sac that encloses the heart
• Allows heart to beat without friction, provides room to
expand, yet resists excessive expansion
• Anchored to diaphragm inferiorly and sternum anteriorly

 Outer Parietal pericardium

 Pericardial sac
 Superficial fibrous layer
of connective tissue
 Deep, thin serous layer

 Inner Visceral pericardium

(epicardium)
 Serous membrane
covering heart

 Pericardial cavity
 space inside the pericardial sac
filled with pericardial fluid
Fig. 19.3
Cardiovascular System
Two major divisions
of circulatory system:
1. Pulmonary
circuit:
 rightside of heart
 Carries blood to lungs for

gas exchange and back to

heart
2. Systemic circuit:
 leftside of heart
 Supplies oxygenated blood

to all tissues of the body Fig.

and returns it to the heart 19.1
The Chambers Right and left atria
 Two superior chambers
Blood from body
 Receive blood returning to heart

Blood from lungs

Right and
left
ventricles
 Two inferior
chambers
 Pump blood
into
Fig. 19.7 arteries (a
Blood from body
way from
heart)
The Fig 19.7

Chamber
s
Interatrial
septum

• Wall that separates

atria

Interatrial septum Interventricular septum

Interventricular
septum

• Muscular wall that

separates
ventricles
Layers of The Heart Wall
1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium – o uter lining)
 Serous membrane covering heart
 Coronary blood vessels travel through this layer

2. Endocardium (inner lining)

 Smooth inner lining of heart and blood vessels
 Covers the valve surfaces and is continuous
with endothelium of blood vessels
3. Myocardium
• Middle layer of cardiac muscle
• proportional to work load
• Thickest layer

The myocardium in the left ventricle is

thicker than the right ventricle. Why?
Fig. 19.3
The
Heart
Valve
s Ensure one-way flow of
blood through heart

 Atrioventricular (AV) valves

 control blood flow between
atria and ventricles Fig. 19.8
1. Right AV valve has three
cusps (tricuspid valve)
2. Left AV valve has two
cusps (mitral valve,
formerly ‘bicuspid’)

 Chordae tendinae:
 cords connect AV valves to
papillary muscles on floor of
ventricles
Tricuspid Bicuspid (mitral)
 Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

The Heart Valves

Semilunar valves
 control flow into great arteries
 open and close because of
blood flow and pressure

1. Pulmonary semilunar valve

 in opening between right
ventricle and pulmonary trunk
2. Aortic semilunar valve
 in opening between
left ventricle and aorta

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Blood Flow Through the Chambers

Fig. 19.9
http://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=2097
http://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&id=16991
Question
To get from the right atrium to the right
ventricle, blood flows through
a. The pulmonary valve
b. The tricuspid valve
c. The bicuspid valve
d. The aortic valve
e. The mitral valve
Question
There is/are pulmonary
vein(s) emptying into the right atrium of the
heart.
a. No
b. One
c. Two
d. Four
e. More than four
Structure of Cardiac Muscle
Cells (Cardiomyocytes)
 Myogenic
pacemaker
 C ardiomyocytes in a petri dish!
h ttps://youtu.be/Y5uKMM8Od9g
Autorhythmic
Striated
Short, thick, branched cells
Contacts several others to form
a network
Joined by connections called
intercalated discs
 Desmosomes
 Mechanically link cells together

 Gap junctions
 Channels for ion flow

 Electrical junctions
Fig. 19.11
The Cardiac Conduction System
Coordinates the heartbeat
Internal pacemaker – sinoatrial (SA)
node

Fig. 19.12
Question
The cardiac conduction system includes all of
the following except
a) The SA node
b) The AV node
c) The bundle branches
d) The tendinous cords
e) The Purkinje fibers
Fill-in-the-blanks
1. The circulatory route from aorta to the venae cava
is the route.
2. Electrical signals pass quickly from one cardiac
myocyte to another through the
of the intercalated discs.
3. Blood in the heart chambers is separated from
the myocardium by a thin membrane called the

.
The Coronary Circulation
Atrioventricular (coronary) separates atria and ventricles
sulcus
overlies interventricular septum that divides
right ventricle from left
Interventricular sulci (x2)

Sulci contain coronary

arteries

Fig. 19.10
Coronary Circulation
 5% of blood pumped by heart is pumped
to heart itself through coronary
circulation

Fig. 19.10

Check out the 3D Heart on A&P Revealed to practice identification of coronary

arteries/veins: h ttp://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?
animal=human&mod=2 981
Left Arterial Supply
Left coronary artery (LCA) branches off the ascending aorta
1. Anterior interventricular branch
 Supplies blood to b oth ventricles and anterior 2/3 of interventricular
septum
2. Circumflex branch
 Supplies left atrium and posterior left ventricle
 Passes around left side of heart in coronary sulcus
 Gives off left marginal branch and then ends on the posterior side of the
heart

Fig. 19.10
Right Arterial Supply
 Right coronary artery (RCA) branches off the ascending
aorta
 Supplies right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
1. Right marginal branch
 Supplies lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle
2. Posterior interventricular branch
 Supplies posterior walls of ventricles

Fig. 19.10
Heart Venous Drainage:
Route by which blood leaves the heart
 5-10% of coronary blood
drains directly into heart
chambers (mostly right
ventricle)

 Most coronary blood

returns to right
atrium by way of the
coronary sinus
which has three
main inputs:
1. great cardiac
vein
2. posterior
interventricular
(middle cardiac)
vein
3. left marginal
vein
F
i
This highlighted blood vessel
can be found between the
pulmonary trunk and left
auricle and branches off of the
aorta