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MULTICELLULAR
ANIMALS -
Diblastica
Jana Kolesárová
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General characteristics:
 two embryonal layers developed:

 Ectoderm(outer layer)- enables an organism to move,

to protect the inner parts of its body.

 endoderm(another layer)- creates the inside of the

animal body

 radial symetry (see picture)

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Sponge(Porifera)
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General characteristics:
 blind developmental branch of animals

 Not made of real tissues or organs

 In adulhood- immobile(sessile)

 Usually sea invertebrates

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Body structure:
 1. ectoderm -outer layer :

 - protective function

 - composed cells with small openings = ostia(sg. ostium)

 2. endoderms - inner layer :

 - contains collar cells = choanocytes(golierikovité bunky) with a long flagellum

 3. mesoglea - gelatinous substance between ectoderm and endoderm :

 - amebocytes – amoeba-like cells that perform phagocytosis

 - spicules – needlesthat provide support (made of silica or calcium carbonate)

 - spongin fibres - forms the fibrous skeleton and gives a sponge its flexibility

 4. central cavity

 5. osculum – excretion of water

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Systems:
 Skeletal system:

 - endoskeleton (= internal skeleton) – spicules and spongin

 Muscular system:

 - not formed

 Respiratory system:

 - through the whole body - diffusion

 Digestive system:

 - intracellular digestion

 - food source: algae and protists

 - type of feeding: filter feeders

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Systems:
 Circulatory system, Excretory system, Sensory system, Nervous system – not formed

 Reproduction:

 - hermaphrodites

 1. asexually = budding

 • internal budding – typical of freshwater sponges; they form buds =

gemmules(winter); in the spring they grow into new sponges

 • external budding – external buds → they form colonies

 2. sexually – sperm cells are released into the surrounding water through osculum
→ they enter a female sponge through ostia → they are trapped by collar cells →
trapped sperm cells are delivered to eggs inside the female body → fertilization →
zygote develops into a ciliated larva (motile) → osculum → larva loses its ability to swim
→ sessile adult sponge
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Representatives:
 Venus´ Flower Basket

 Neptune´s goblet

 Spongilla fluviatilis
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Cnidaria
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General characteristics:

 mostly marine and fresh water organisms

 radial symmetry

 In development, they stayed in gastrule

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Body structure:
 ectoderm and endoderm

 adult body - outer cellular layer (epidermis or ectodermis) and an inner cellular
layer - gastrodermis - endodermis , with a non-cellular layer – mesoglea in
between, which contain mesenchyml cells

 -stinging or adhesive structures – cnidae - found in specialized cells-

cnidocytes, most common cnidae called nematocysts
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Systems:
 Skeletal system - not found

 Muscular system + skin

 - formed by myoepithelialcells (=epitheliomuscular cells)

 Digestive system- bag – like digestive system with one opening (mouth and anus)
– surrounded by cnidoblasts – containing hypnotic poison – gastrovascular cavity

 Circulatory system – provided by gastrovacsular cavity

 Respiratory system and excretory system – by process of diffusion

 Nervous system - simple nerve net forms a “nervous system” – diffuse

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Systems:
 Reproductive system

 asexual – by regeneration , budding

 sexual – they have gonads

 - alternation of generation with an asexually reproducing polyp stage and a sexually

 reproducing medusa stage

 Polymorphism is typical for this phylum Two adult forms in life cycle

 Polyp – sessile and asexual generation

 Medusa – motile – sexual generation

 Alternation of Generation - Metagenesis

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Acnidaria
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Thank you for your attention