A distillation column is a critical piece of

equipment in the refining of crude oil. It

separating product into its different
chemical components based on differences
in volatility. Oil refineries use two main
types of distillation columns. They are:
 Packed Type Columns – A packed distillation column is a
vertical tower packed in sections with packing material which
is used to increase the surface area for mass transfer between
vapor and liquid phases during the distillation process.
• Tray Type Column – Tray type distillation columns operate on the
same principle as packed columns; however, instead of using packed
material they use trays situated at various heights within the tower.
• There are three main types of trays in use: sieve, valve and bubble cap
trays
In general, tray type columns are more efficient than packed type columns, but
are also more expensive. They do, however, facilitate multi-stage separation of
products via side streams in the tower, and are therefore much preferred for
crude oil distillation.
Efficiency for column and
plates
There is 3 type to explain the efficiency :
1- over-all effency
2- The murphee plat efficinency
3- the point efficiency
 Over all eff
It is defined as the ratio of the number of theoretical or idea trayes
needed in an entire tower to the number of actual trays used
The murphee plat
efficinency
the point or local efficiency
There are three main types of
trays in use:
1.Sieve
2.valve
3.bubble cap trays
 Bubble cap:
A bubble cap tray has riser or chimney fitted over each
hole, and a cap that covers the riser. The cap is mounted
so that there is a space between riser and cap to allow the
passage of vapour.
Valve Try :
In valve trays, perforations are covered by liftable caps. Vapour flows lifts the
caps, thus self creating a flow area for the passage of vapour. The lifting cap
directs the vapour to flow horizontally into the liquid, thus providing better
mixing than is possible in sieve trays.
Sieve trays are simply metal plates with holes in them.
Vapour passes straight upward through the liquid on the
plate.
Factor influencing plate and column
efficiencies
• Vapor velocity
• Liqued depth above vapor operating
• Plate spacing
• Lengh of liquid path
 Vapor velocity
There is 4 problem is appear from velocity :
1- weeping
2- coning
3-flooding
Weeping
Coning
Flooding
• When we calculate max. superficial vapor velocity we should multy by
it with some factor to find the operating velocity , which it work with
any problem
‫بتول يعني السرعة يلي رح نتجاوز فيها المشااكل السابقة كلها عشان نصل يا بتول لحالة‬
ideal
• on each plate. It has been repeatedly shown90-51 that successive-
contact plates can produce a greater change in composition than
asingleequilibriumcontactplate
‫بالنهاية أنوا المعادالت المستخدمة كثيرة‬
‫و كثير بتختلف ك كوروليشن باألرقام‬
‫و كل معادلة بتخلتف حسب رينج الفيسكوسيتي ‪ +‬رينج الفولوتايل لل اليت كي "(‬

‫عشان هيك أدق المعادالت هي يلي بتوخذ االثنين بعين االعتبار‬