NUMERICAL

DESCRIPTION
OF DATA
OUTLINE
MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION
 Arithmetic Mean
 Median
 Mode

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
 Range
 Variance
 Standard Deviation
 Coefficient of Variation
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OUTLINE
OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION
 Percentile
 Decile
 Quartile

MEASURES OF SKEWNESS & KURTOSIS

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 MEASURES OF
CENTRAL LOCATION

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MEASURES OF
CENTRAL LOCATION
It is a numerical value that
summarizes a set of observations
into a single value, and the value
may be used to represent the entire
population. It is a single value about
which the set of observations tend
to cluster.

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MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

ARITHMETIC MEAN
It is also known as mean.

It is the sum of a set of measurements

divided by the number of
measurements in the set.

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MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

FORMULA:

SUM OF DATA SET

TOTAL NO. OF DATA SET

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MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

EXAMPLE:

During the doctor’s rounds, 8 patients

complained of pain. They were asked to
describe the intensity of their pain using
the pain scale of 1 – 10.

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MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

The table below shows the result.

Patient Number Pain Scale
Patient 1 4
Patient 2 6
Patient 3 7
Patient 4 5
Patient 5 9
Patient 6 8
Patient 7 8
Patient 8 10

Find the MEAN of their Pain Scale.

A. 4+5+6+7+8+8+9+10 = 57 / 8 = 7.1
B. 4+10 = 14 / 2 = 7
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MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

MEDIAN
It is the middle value of a set of
observations arranged in an increasing
or decreasing order of magnitude.

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MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

EXAMPLE:

During the doctor’s rounds, 8 patients

complained of pain. They were asked to
describe the intensity of their pain using
the pain scale of 1 – 10.

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MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

The table below shows the result.

Patient Number Pain Scale
Patient 1 4
Patient 2 6
Patient 3 7
Patient 4 5
Patient 5 9
Patient 6 8
Patient 7 8
Patient 8 10

Find the MEDIAN of their Pain Scale. EVEN

 Arrange the numbers in ascending order.
 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10

7+8 15
2
=
2
= 7.5 12
MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

The table below shows the result.

Patient Number Pain Scale
Patient 1 4
Patient 2 6
Patient 3 7
Patient 4 5
Patient 5 9
Patient 6 8
Patient 7 8
Patient 8 10

Find the MEDIAN of their Pain Scale. ODD

 Arrange the numbers in ascending order.
a. Simply look for the middle value 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9
b. n+1 (4+9)+1 13+1 14
2
=
2
=
2
=
2
= 7 13
MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

MODE
The mode of a set of observations is
that value or values which occur the
most number of times, or the values
with the greatest frequencies.

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MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION

The table below shows the result.

Patient Number Pain Scale
Patient 1 4
Patient 2 6
Patient 3 7
Patient 4 5
Patient 5 9
Patient 6 8
Patient 7 8
Patient 8 10

Find the MODE of their Pain Scale.

MODE 4, 6, 7, 5, 9, 8, 8, 10 8
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MEASURE OF
VARIABILITY

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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY
 It is a numerical value computed from
the given observations which
measures how the data spread from
the central location.

 This is often used in comparing two

sets of data. The lesser the measure is,
the closer the values of the
observations from the central value.
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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

RANGE
It is the simplest form of measuring
variation of a distribution. It is the
difference between the largest and the
smallest value in the set.

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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

RANGE

FORMULA:

Range = Maximum – Minimum

EXAMPLE: 45, 64, 68, 51

Range = 68 – 45
= 23
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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

VARIANCE
The variance is a measure of variability that
considers the position of each observation
relative to the mean of the set of scores.

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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

STANDARD DEVIATION
It is the positive square root of the variance.

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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

EXAMPLE:
You and your friends have just measured the heights of your dogs
(in millimeters):

The heights (at the shoulders) are: 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm and
300mm.

Find out the Mean, the Variance, and the Standard Deviation.

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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

STEPS:
1. Find the MEAN

MEAN = 600 + 470 + 170 + 430 + 300 / 5

= 1970 / 5
= 394

so, the mean (average) height is 394 mm. Let's plot this on the chart:

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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

STEPS:
2. Now we calculate each dog's difference from the Mean:

To calculate the Variance, take each difference, square it, and then
average the result:
VARIANCE

σ2 = 2062 + 762 + (−224)2 + 362 + (−94)2 / 5 - 1

= 42436 + 5776 + 50176 + 1296 + 8836 / 4
= 108520/ 4
= 27130
so, the Variance is 27130 24
MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

STEPS:
3. And the Standard Deviation is just the square root of Variance, so:
STANDARD DEVIATION

σ = √27130
= 164.7

And the good thing about the Standard Deviation is that it is

useful. Now we can show which heights are within one
Standard Deviation (164.7 mm) of the Mean:

164.7
164.7

So, using the Standard Deviation we have a "standard" way of knowing 25

what is normal, and what is extra large or extra small.
MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
 It is denoted by CV, is a measure of relative variation
expressed as a percentage. It is the ratio of the
standard deviation and the mean multiplied by 100%.

 CV=(s/x) 100

 It is used to compare which group is more varied .

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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

EXAMPLE:
Compare the variation in terms of height

CV=sd/mean*100%

Group Mean SD CV
Height
male 162cm 10cm 6.17

female 148cm 4cm 2.70

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MEASURE OF VARIABILITY

Thus, male heights are more varied as shown

in the CV.

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OTHER MEASURES
OF LOCATION

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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

PERCENTILES
These are values that divide an ordered
set of observations into 100 equal parts.
They are denoted by P1, P2…

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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

DECILE
S
These are values that divide an ordered
set of observations into ten equal parts.
These values denoted by D1, D2, … for
10%, 20%...

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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

QUARTILE
S
These are values that divide an ordered
set of observations into four equal
parts. They are denoted by Q1, Q2…
for data which fall on 25%, 50%,…

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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

STEPS:
1. Arrange the data in an increasing order.

2. Solve for the value of n, where

Percentile, Decile, Quartile

n=(P/100) x N
No. of values in the data set

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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

Percentile n=(P/100) x N

Decile n=(D/10) x N

Quartile n=(Q/4) x N

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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

EXAMPLE:

Take a class of 10 students that earned the

following scores on their most recent test:
75, 77, 78, 81, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90

Find: P30, D4, Q3

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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

SOLVE: P30
n= (P/100) x N
n= (30/100) x 10
n= 0.3 x 10
n= 3

75, 77, 78, 81, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90

30th Percentile
30% earned a score of 78 or lower
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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

SOLVE: D4
n= (D/10) x N
n= (4/10) x 10
n= 0.4 x 10
n= 4

75, 77, 78, 81, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90

4th Decile
40% earned a score of 81 or lower
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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

SOLVE: Q3
n= (Q/4) x N
n= (3/4) x 10
n= 0.75 x 10
n= 7.5
n= 8

75, 77, 78, 81, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90

3rd Quartile
75% earned a score of 87 or lower
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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

EXERCISE:

59 79
62 90
67 92
69 95
69

Find: P40, D5, Q3

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OTHER MEASURES OF LOCATION

ANSWERS:

59, 62, 67, 69, 69, 79, 90, 92, 95

Percentile = 4

Decile = 5

Quartile = 7

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MEASURES OF
SKEWNESS &
KURTOSIS

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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS &
KURTOSIS

 When extreme observations are found

on the right or left end of the
distribution, then is said to be
asymmetric or symmetry, or it departs
from the symmetry.

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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

Skewness is a measure of symmetry, or more precisely, the lack

of symmetry. A distribution, or data set, is symmetric if it looks
the same to the left and right of the center point.

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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

1. Zero Skewness or Symmetric Skewness:

If the coefficient of skewness is equal to 0 or approximately close to
0, then the graph is said to be symmetric and data is normally
distributed.
A perfect symmetric distribution is one in which frequency distribution
is the same on the sides of the center point of the frequency curve. In
this, Mean = Median = Mode. There is no skewness in a perfectly
symmetrical distribution. 44
MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

2. Asymmetric Skewness:

A asymmetrical or skewed distribution is one in which the spread of

the frequencies is different on both the sides of the center point or
the frequency curve is more stretched towards one side. The value
of Mean, Median and Mode falls at different points.

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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

The coefficient of skewness can range from -3

up to 3.

 A value near -3, such as -2.57, indicates

considerable negative skewness.

 A value such as 1.63 indicates moderate

positive skewness.

 A value of 0, which will occur when the mean

and median are equal, indicates the
distribution is symmetrical and that there is no
skewness present.
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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

KURTOSIS

It is also a characteristic of the frequency distribution which gives an idea

about the shape of a frequency distribution. Basically, the measure of
kurtosis is the extent to which a frequency distribution is peaked in
comparison with a normal curve.

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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

TWO KINDS OF SKEWED

DISTRIBUTION
 Positively Skewed – means that there
are extremely high observations that tend
to pull the mean to the right. This results
in a frequency distribution that is more
elongated to the right side.

 Negatively Skewed - has extremely low

observations that tend to pull the mean to
the left. This gives a frequency
distribution that is elongated to the left
side. 49
MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

FIND ITS MEASURE OF SKEWNESS

6 8 10 11 15

= 0.58

Since it is greater than zero, this implies

that the distribution of this set of numbers
is skewed to the right.

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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

KURTOSIS
It is also a characteristic of the frequency distribution. It
gives an idea about the shape of a frequency
distribution. Basically, the measure of kurtosis is the
extent to which a frequency distribution is peaked in
comparison with a normal curve. It is the degree of
peakedness of a distribution.

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MEASURES OF SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

1. Leptokurtic: Leptokurtic is a curve having a high peak than the

normal distribution. In this curve, there is too much
concentration of items near the central value.
2. Mesokurtic: Mesokurtic is a curve having a normal peak than
the normal curve. In this curve, there is equal distribution of
items around the central value.
3. Platykurtic: Platykurtic is a curve having a low peak than the
normal curve is called platykurtic. In this curve, there is less
concentration of items around the central value.

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 EXERCISE
A class of 10 students earned the following
scores on their most recent test:

69, 72, 73, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85

Using the above set of data, find the
following:

• MEAN • STANDARD DEVIATION

• MEDIAN • VARIANCE
• MODE • COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
• RANGE
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ANSWER

69, 72, 73, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85

MEAN = 77.4
MEDIAN = 78
MODE = 73
RANGE = 16
STANDARD DEVIATION = 5.48
VARIANCE = 30.04
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION = 7.08
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Thank
You! 56