About the foundation

• Robert J. House
• in 1993
• to analyze the
organizational
norms, values,
and beliefs of
leaders in
different
societies.
• This model was developed by drawing on implicit leadership theory,
value and belief theory of culture, implicit motivation theory, and
structural contingency theory of organizational form and effectiveness.
The first phase of the project focused on scale development. A total of
nine societal culture dimensions and nine organizational culture
dimensions were identified from the previous literature.
The nine dimensions of organizational and societal culture
were as follows:
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Distance
• Institutional Collectivism
• In-group Collectivism
• Gender Egalitarianism
• Assertiveness
• Future Orientation
• Performance Orientation
• Humane Orientation
 The CLT was further broadened to six global leadership
dimensions, which are:

• Charismatic/Value-Based Leadership.
• Team-Oriented Leadership.
• Participative Leadership.
• Humane-Oriented Leadership.
• Autonomous Leadership.
• Self-Protective Leadership..

The GLOBE leadership scales were developed to measure the

implicit leadership beliefs shared by individuals in a culture. Thus
these scales are called culturally endorsed implicit leadership
theory (CLT) dimensions.
The second phase of GLOBE focused on testing a portion
of the integrated model.
The following results were obtained:
• Some leadership attributes were universally
endorsed.
• Some leadership attributes were universally rejected.
• Although some leadership attributes were universally
endorsed or rejected, the majority of the attributes
were culturally contingent.
Overall, both organizational culture and societal culture
were significantly related to the CLT leadership
dimensions.
• Data analyses on the third phase of the GLOBE
project are currently being conducted.

This phase was designed to test the contingency

hypothesis between the culturally endorsed implicit
leadership dimensions and actual leader behavior on
leader acceptance and organizational effectiveness.
The phase three data came from 20 different
countries and consist of behavioral ratings of
approximately 40 CEOs from each country.

• A fourth GLOBE phase is currently in planning.